Definition and Distinction:
Vows and oaths are solemn promises or commitments made before God or others, often invoking divine witness. In biblical terms, a vow is a voluntary promise made to God, while an oath is a solemn declaration, often made in the presence of others, affirming the truth of a statement or the fulfillment of a promise.

Old Testament Context:
In the Old Testament, vows and oaths are significant aspects of religious and social life. They are seen as binding and sacred, requiring careful consideration before being made. Numbers 30:2 states, "If a man makes a vow to the LORD or swears an oath to bind himself by a pledge, he must not break his word; he must do everything he has promised." This underscores the seriousness with which vows and oaths were regarded.

The Nazarite vow, as described in Numbers 6, is a notable example of a vow involving a commitment to abstain from wine, avoid contact with the dead, and not cut one's hair, all as acts of dedication to God. Similarly, Hannah's vow in 1 Samuel 1:11, where she promises to dedicate her son to the Lord if He grants her a child, illustrates the personal and heartfelt nature of vows.

Oaths, on the other hand, were often used to affirm truthfulness or commitment in legal and personal matters. Leviticus 19:12 warns, "You must not swear falsely by My name and so profane the name of your God. I am the LORD." This highlights the importance of integrity and the divine witness invoked in oaths.

New Testament Perspective:
In the New Testament, Jesus addresses the issue of vows and oaths in the Sermon on the Mount. Matthew 5:33-37 records His teaching: "Again, you have heard that it was said to the ancients, 'Do not break your oath, but fulfill your vows to the Lord.' But I tell you not to swear at all: either by heaven, for it is God’s throne; or by the earth, for it is His footstool; or by Jerusalem, for it is the city of the great King. Nor should you swear by your head, for you cannot make a single hair white or black. Simply let your 'Yes' be 'Yes,' and your 'No,' 'No.' Anything more comes from the evil one."

Jesus emphasizes the importance of honesty and integrity without the need for additional oaths, suggesting that one's word should be sufficient. This teaching reflects a shift from the Old Testament practice, focusing on the heart's sincerity rather than external affirmations.

Theological Implications:
Vows and oaths in the Bible highlight the importance of truthfulness, integrity, and the seriousness of commitments made before God. They serve as reminders of the believer's accountability to God and the community. The biblical narrative encourages careful consideration before making vows or oaths, recognizing the weight of one's words and promises.

Practical Application:
For believers today, the biblical teachings on vows and oaths call for a life of integrity and honesty. While formal vows and oaths may not be as prevalent, the principles of truthfulness and commitment remain central to Christian conduct. Believers are encouraged to let their words reflect their faith and to fulfill their promises, recognizing that their ultimate accountability is to God.