Understanding custom and culture is essential for interpreting the Bible accurately and applying its teachings to contemporary life. The Bible was written over a span of centuries, across various cultures and societies, each with its own customs and traditions. Recognizing these cultural contexts helps illuminate the meaning of biblical texts and the intentions of their authors.

Old Testament Context

In the Old Testament, the customs and cultures of the ancient Near East significantly influenced the lives of the Israelites. For example, the practice of covenant-making was a common cultural custom, and it is central to understanding God's relationship with His people. Genesis 15 describes God's covenant with Abram, where God uses a culturally familiar ritual of cutting animals to signify the seriousness and binding nature of His promise (Genesis 15:9-10).

The laws given to Israel, such as those found in Leviticus and Deuteronomy, reflect the cultural and societal norms of the time. These laws were designed to set Israel apart from surrounding nations, emphasizing holiness and distinctiveness. For instance, dietary laws (Leviticus 11) and purity regulations (Leviticus 15) were not only religious but also cultural markers that defined the identity of the Israelite community.

New Testament Context

In the New Testament, understanding the Greco-Roman culture is crucial for interpreting the life and teachings of Jesus and the writings of the apostles. Jesus often used parables and metaphors that were rooted in the everyday life and customs of first-century Judea. For example, the parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:25-37) challenges cultural prejudices and social norms by portraying a Samaritan, traditionally despised by Jews, as the hero who exemplifies neighborly love.

The apostle Paul, in his missionary journeys, navigated various cultural contexts, adapting his approach to effectively communicate the gospel. In 1 Corinthians 9:20-22 , Paul states, "To the Jews I became like a Jew, to win the Jews... To those under the law I became like one under the law... To those not having the law I became like one not having the law... I have become all things to all people so that by all possible means I might save some." This passage highlights Paul's cultural sensitivity and strategic adaptation to different audiences.

Cultural Practices and Symbolism

Many biblical symbols and practices are deeply rooted in the cultural contexts of the time. For instance, the use of anointing oil in the Old Testament (1 Samuel 16:13) was a cultural practice signifying consecration and divine appointment. Similarly, the imagery of shepherds and sheep, prevalent in both the Old and New Testaments, draws from the agrarian culture of the ancient Near East, where shepherding was a common occupation (Psalm 23:1; John 10:11).

Cultural Challenges and the Early Church

The early church faced significant cultural challenges as it spread across diverse regions. The Jerusalem Council in Acts 15 addressed the cultural conflict between Jewish and Gentile believers, deciding that Gentile converts did not need to adhere to all Jewish customs, such as circumcision, to be part of the Christian community (Acts 15:19-20). This decision underscored the universality of the gospel and the need to transcend cultural barriers.

Application for Today

Understanding the customs and cultures of biblical times aids believers in discerning the timeless principles within Scripture. While cultural practices may change, the underlying truths of God's Word remain constant. By studying the cultural contexts of the Bible, Christians can better apply its teachings to their own cultural settings, ensuring that the message of the gospel remains relevant and transformative.