Definition and Context
In the biblical context, "time and chance" refers to the unpredictable elements of life that affect all individuals, regardless of their status, wisdom, or righteousness. This concept is primarily derived from Ecclesiastes 9:11, where the Preacher observes the apparent randomness of life's events: "I saw something else under the sun: The race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, nor does food come to the wise or wealth to the discerning or favor to the skillful; but time and chance happen to them all" .

Theological Implications
The notion of time and chance challenges the simplistic view that life is entirely predictable or that human effort alone determines outcomes. It underscores the sovereignty of God over creation, suggesting that while humans can plan and strive, ultimate outcomes are subject to divine providence. This aligns with the broader biblical teaching that God is in control of history and the affairs of humanity (Proverbs 16:9, James 4:13-15).

Human Limitations
Ecclesiastes frequently emphasizes human limitations and the futility of relying solely on human wisdom and strength. The acknowledgment of time and chance serves as a humbling reminder that human understanding is finite. It encourages believers to trust in God's wisdom and timing, rather than their own understanding (Proverbs 3:5-6).

Moral and Ethical Considerations
While time and chance may seem to introduce randomness into life, they do not negate moral responsibility. Scripture consistently teaches that individuals are accountable for their actions (Romans 14:12). The unpredictability of life should lead to a reliance on God's guidance and a commitment to living righteously, knowing that God ultimately judges all deeds (Ecclesiastes 12:14).

Practical Applications
Believers are encouraged to live with an awareness of life's uncertainties, fostering a spirit of humility and dependence on God. This perspective should inspire a balanced approach to planning and decision-making, recognizing the need for both diligence and trust in God's providence. The unpredictability of time and chance also serves as a call to seize opportunities for good, as life is fleeting and uncertain (Ephesians 5:15-16).

Biblical Examples
Several biblical narratives illustrate the interplay of time and chance with divine sovereignty. The account of Joseph, for instance, shows how unforeseen events, such as being sold into slavery and imprisoned, ultimately served God's purpose for the preservation of Israel (Genesis 50:20). Similarly, the Book of Esther highlights how seemingly random events led to the deliverance of the Jewish people, demonstrating God's hidden hand at work (Esther 4:14).

Conclusion
While the concept of time and chance acknowledges the unpredictability of life, it ultimately points to the greater reality of God's sovereign control. Believers are called to trust in God's plan, live wisely, and remain faithful, knowing that He works all things for the good of those who love Him (Romans 8:28).