Incense holds a significant place in biblical worship, symbolizing prayer, sanctity, and the presence of God. Its use is deeply rooted in the traditions of the Israelites and extends into the New Testament, reflecting its enduring spiritual symbolism.

Old Testament Usage

In the Old Testament, incense is primarily associated with the Tabernacle and later the Temple worship. God commanded Moses to make a specific blend of incense for sacred use, as described in Exodus 30:34-38. This incense was to be burned on the altar of incense, which stood before the veil separating the Holy Place from the Most Holy Place. The burning of incense was a daily ritual, performed by the priests every morning and evening (Exodus 30:7-8). This act symbolized the prayers of the people ascending to God, as reflected in Psalm 141:2: "May my prayer be set before You like incense, my uplifted hands like the evening offering."

The composition of the incense was unique and holy, and it was forbidden to replicate it for personal use. This exclusivity underscored the sanctity of worship and the distinctiveness of the divine presence. The incense altar itself was considered most holy to the Lord (Exodus 30:10).

Symbolism and Significance

Incense in the Old Testament is often associated with the presence and glory of God. In Leviticus 16:12-13, the high priest was instructed to take a censer full of burning coals from the altar and two handfuls of finely ground fragrant incense to create a cloud of incense that would cover the mercy seat, preventing him from dying in the presence of God's glory. This illustrates the protective and mediating role of incense in the divine-human encounter.

The prophetic literature also uses incense as a metaphor for genuine worship and prayer. In Isaiah 1:13, God expresses disdain for mere ritualistic offerings, including incense, when they are not accompanied by righteousness and justice. This highlights the importance of the heart's posture in worship, beyond the physical act of burning incense.

New Testament and Christian Tradition

In the New Testament, the imagery of incense continues, particularly in the Book of Revelation. Revelation 5:8 describes the twenty-four elders holding golden bowls full of incense, which are the prayers of the saints. This reinforces the connection between incense and prayer, suggesting that the prayers of believers are a fragrant offering to God.

The use of incense in Christian liturgical traditions, particularly within the Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and some Anglican practices, draws from this biblical heritage. Incense is used during services to sanctify the space, symbolize the prayers of the faithful, and represent the presence of the Holy Spirit.

Theological Implications

Theologically, incense serves as a reminder of the holiness of God and the reverence due to Him in worship. It signifies the mediation of Christ, who, as our High Priest, presents our prayers before the Father. Hebrews 7:25 speaks of Christ's intercessory role, which can be symbolically linked to the incense that rises before God.

In summary, incense in biblical worship is a multifaceted symbol representing prayer, divine presence, and the sanctity of worship. Its use throughout Scripture underscores the importance of approaching God with reverence and purity, reflecting the heart's true devotion.