The Jewish priesthood is a central institution in the religious and social life of ancient Israel, established by divine command and detailed extensively in the Old Testament. The priesthood was primarily responsible for performing sacrifices, maintaining the sanctuary, and teaching the Law to the people. The role and functions of the priesthood are foundational to understanding the religious practices and covenant relationship between God and Israel.

Origins and Establishment

The priesthood was instituted by God through Moses during the wilderness period following the Exodus from Egypt. The tribe of Levi was chosen to serve in the tabernacle, with Aaron and his descendants appointed as priests. Exodus 28:1 states, "Bring near to you your brother Aaron and his sons from among the Israelites to serve Me as priests—Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, Eleazar and Ithamar." This divine selection set the Levites apart for sacred duties, with Aaron as the first high priest.

Duties and Responsibilities

The primary duties of the priests included offering sacrifices, maintaining the tabernacle (and later the temple), and interceding on behalf of the people. Leviticus 9:7 records, "Then Moses said to Aaron, 'Approach the altar and present your sin offering and your burnt offering to make atonement for yourself and the people.'" The priests were also tasked with teaching the Law, as seen in Leviticus 10:11 : "You must teach the Israelites all the statutes that the LORD has given them through Moses."

The High Priest

The high priest held a unique and elevated position within the priesthood. He was the only one permitted to enter the Most Holy Place of the tabernacle once a year on the Day of Atonement to make atonement for the sins of the nation (Leviticus 16:32-34). The high priest wore special garments, including the ephod, breastplate, and turban, as described in Exodus 28.

The Levitical Priesthood

The Levites, though not all priests, played a crucial role in supporting the priestly functions. They assisted in the maintenance of the tabernacle, transported it during the wilderness wanderings, and later served in the temple. Numbers 3:6-9 outlines their duties: "Bring the tribe of Levi and present them to Aaron the priest to assist him. They are to perform duties for him and for the whole congregation before the Tent of Meeting, attending to the service of the tabernacle."

Priestly Lineage and Qualifications

Priestly service was hereditary, passed down through Aaron's descendants. The qualifications for priesthood included physical perfection, as outlined in Leviticus 21:17-23 , which prohibited those with physical defects from serving at the altar. The priests were also required to adhere to strict purity laws and maintain a high standard of holiness.

The Priesthood in the New Testament

The New Testament presents Jesus Christ as the fulfillment and ultimate high priest, superseding the Levitical priesthood. Hebrews 4:14 declares, "Therefore, since we have a great high priest who has passed through the heavens, Jesus the Son of God, let us hold firmly to what we profess." This new priesthood is characterized by a once-for-all sacrifice, rendering the old sacrificial system obsolete.

Significance and Legacy

The Jewish priesthood was integral to the religious life of Israel, serving as mediators between God and His people. It foreshadowed the coming of Christ, who would fulfill the priestly role perfectly. The priesthood's emphasis on holiness, sacrifice, and intercession continues to inform Christian theology and worship practices today.