The Hittites were an ancient people mentioned frequently in the Old Testament, known for their significant role in the history of the Near East. They are believed to have originated from Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey, and established a powerful empire during the second millennium BC. The Hittites are often associated with the broader Hittite Empire, which at its height, rivaled the power of Egypt and Assyria.

In the Bible, the Hittites are first mentioned in Genesis 15:20 as one of the nations inhabiting the land promised to Abraham's descendants. They are described as descendants of Heth, a son of Canaan, making them part of the Canaanite tribes. The Hittites are frequently listed among the inhabitants of Canaan whom the Israelites were commanded to dispossess (Exodus 3:8, Deuteronomy 7:1).

One of the most notable Hittites in the Bible is Uriah, the husband of Bathsheba, who served as a soldier in King David's army. His account is recounted in 2 Samuel 11, where David's sin with Bathsheba and the subsequent murder of Uriah are detailed. Uriah's loyalty and integrity stand in stark contrast to David's actions, highlighting the moral complexities within the narrative.

The Hittites are also mentioned in the context of Solomon's reign. In 1 Kings 10:29, it is noted that Solomon imported horses from Egypt and Kue, and exported them to the Hittites and Arameans, indicating a period of trade and interaction between these nations.

Archaeological discoveries have confirmed the existence of the Hittite civilization, with their capital at Hattusa and extensive records in cuneiform script. These findings have provided valuable insights into their culture, language, and interactions with neighboring peoples, including the Israelites.

Egyptians

The Egyptians are one of the most frequently mentioned foreign nations in the Bible, playing a significant role in the narrative of the Israelites. Egypt, located in northeastern Africa, was a powerful and influential civilization known for its advanced culture, monumental architecture, and complex religious system.

The relationship between the Israelites and the Egyptians is complex and multifaceted. The most prominent biblical account involving Egypt is the account of the Exodus, where the Israelites were enslaved and later delivered by God through the leadership of Moses. This narrative is central to the identity of Israel as a nation and is recounted in the book of Exodus. The plagues, the Passover, and the crossing of the Red Sea are key events that demonstrate God's power and faithfulness to His covenant people.

In Genesis, Egypt serves as a place of refuge during times of famine. Abraham, and later Jacob and his family, sought sustenance in Egypt (Genesis 12:10, 46:1-7). Joseph, one of Jacob's sons, rose to prominence in Egypt, becoming second in command to Pharaoh and playing a crucial role in preserving his family during a severe famine (Genesis 41-47).

The Egyptians are also mentioned in the context of Solomon's reign. Solomon formed an alliance with Egypt by marrying Pharaoh's daughter (1 Kings 3:1), which was a common practice among ancient Near Eastern monarchs to secure political alliances.

Throughout the prophetic books, Egypt is often depicted as a symbol of worldly power and idolatry. The prophets frequently warned Israel against relying on Egypt for military support instead of trusting in God (Isaiah 31:1, Ezekiel 29:6-7).

The Bible's portrayal of Egypt is multifaceted, reflecting both the historical interactions between the two nations and the theological themes of deliverance, judgment, and reliance on God.