The "Four Horns of the Altar" is a term that refers to the four projections or extensions found at the corners of the altars described in the Old Testament. These horns are significant in the religious and sacrificial practices of ancient Israel and hold symbolic meaning within the biblical narrative.

Biblical Description and Function

The concept of the altar's horns is first introduced in the instructions for the construction of the altar of burnt offering in the Tabernacle, as detailed in the book of Exodus. "Make a horn at each of the four corners, so that the horns and the altar are of one piece, and overlay the altar with bronze" (Exodus 27:2). These horns were integral to the altar's design and were made from the same material as the altar itself, signifying their importance.

The horns of the altar served several purposes:

1. Sacrificial Function: The horns were used in the sacrificial rituals of the Israelites. Blood from the sacrifices was often applied to the horns as part of the atonement process. For instance, in the sin offering, the priest would "put some of the blood on the horns of the altar of fragrant incense before the LORD" (Leviticus 4:7).

2. Symbol of Refuge: The horns of the altar also symbolized a place of refuge. In ancient Israel, individuals seeking asylum from retribution could grasp the horns of the altar as a plea for mercy. This is illustrated in the narrative of Adonijah, who, fearing for his life, "went and took hold of the horns of the altar" (1 Kings 1:50).

3. Representation of Power and Strength: In biblical symbolism, horns often represent power and strength. The horns of the altar can be seen as a representation of God's power and the strength of His covenant with Israel. They are a reminder of the divine authority and protection that the altar signifies.

Theological Significance

Theologically, the four horns of the altar underscore the comprehensive nature of God's provision for atonement and mercy. The application of blood to the horns during sacrifices highlights the necessity of bloodshed for the forgiveness of sins, pointing forward to the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ. The horns' role as a place of refuge prefigures the salvation and protection offered through Christ, who is the ultimate altar and sacrifice for believers.

Historical and Cultural Context

In the ancient Near Eastern context, altars with horns were not unique to Israel. Similar structures have been found in archaeological sites, indicating a broader cultural practice. However, the specific instructions and uses given in the Hebrew Scriptures set the Israelite altars apart, emphasizing their unique covenant relationship with Yahweh.

The four horns of the altar, therefore, are a multifaceted symbol within the biblical narrative, representing sacrifice, refuge, power, and divine mercy. They are a testament to the intricate design and profound theological truths embedded in the worship practices of ancient Israel.