The Decree of Artaxerxes refers to the royal edict issued by King Artaxerxes I of Persia, which played a significant role in the history of the Jewish people during the post-exilic period. This decree is primarily documented in the biblical books of Ezra and Nehemiah, and it is pivotal in the context of the restoration of Jerusalem and the reestablishment of Jewish religious practices.

Historical Context

Artaxerxes I reigned from 465 to 424 BC, during the Achaemenid Empire's dominance. His rule is marked by a relatively tolerant approach towards the various peoples within his empire, including the Jews. The decree is set against the backdrop of the Jewish return from Babylonian exile, a process initiated by Cyrus the Great and continued under subsequent Persian rulers.

Biblical Account

The decree is mentioned in the Book of Ezra, specifically in Ezra 7:11-26. This passage details the letter given to Ezra, a scribe and priest, granting him authority to lead a group of exiles back to Jerusalem. The Berean Standard Bible records the decree as follows:

"This is the text of the letter that King Artaxerxes gave to Ezra the priest, a scribe, an expert in matters of the commandments of the LORD and His statutes to Israel: 'Artaxerxes, king of kings, To Ezra the priest, the scribe of the Law of the God of heaven: Greetings. I hereby decree that any of the Israelites in my kingdom, including priests and Levites, who wish to go to Jerusalem with you, may go. You are sent by the king and his seven counselors to inquire about Judah and Jerusalem according to the Law of your God, which is in your hand.'" (Ezra 7:11-14)

The decree not only permits Ezra to return to Jerusalem but also empowers him to appoint magistrates and judges to administer justice according to the Law of God. It further authorizes the provision of resources for temple worship and sacrifices, underscoring the Persian king's support for the religious practices of the Jewish people.

Significance

The decree of Artaxerxes is significant for several reasons:

1. Religious Restoration: It facilitated the reestablishment of the Jewish religious system, allowing for the proper observance of the Law of Moses and the reinstitution of temple services.

2. Legal Authority: Ezra was granted the authority to enforce the Law of God, which was crucial for maintaining religious and social order among the returning exiles.

3. Support for the Temple: The decree provided for the financial and material support necessary for the temple's functioning, including offerings and sacrifices, which were central to Jewish worship.

4. Cultural Identity: By enabling the Jews to live according to their laws and customs, the decree helped preserve their cultural and religious identity during a period of foreign domination.

The Role of Nehemiah

While the decree in Ezra focuses on religious and legal aspects, Nehemiah's mission, also sanctioned by Artaxerxes, emphasizes the physical rebuilding of Jerusalem's walls. Nehemiah 2:1-8 describes how Nehemiah, serving as the king's cupbearer, received permission and resources to fortify the city, further demonstrating Artaxerxes' favorable disposition towards the Jewish people.

Conclusion

The Decree of Artaxerxes represents a critical moment in Jewish history, reflecting the providential hand of God in using a foreign ruler to accomplish His purposes for His people. Through this decree, the Jewish community was able to restore their religious practices and rebuild their society in the land of their ancestors.