Topical Bible: Polygamy: Elkanah

◄ Polygamy: Elkanah ►

Topical Encyclopedia

Elkanah is a biblical figure prominently featured in the opening chapters of the First Book of Samuel. He is best known as the father of the prophet Samuel and as a man who practiced polygamy, having two wives, Hannah and Peninnah. Elkanah's account provides insight into the practice of polygamy in ancient Israel and its implications within a family setting.

Biblical Context

Elkanah was an Ephraimite from the hill country of Ephraim, specifically from Ramathaim-zophim (1 Samuel 1:1). His lineage is traced back to the tribe of Levi, indicating his Levitical heritage, although he resided in the territory of Ephraim. The practice of polygamy, while not explicitly endorsed, was culturally accepted in ancient Israel, particularly for men of means or status. Elkanah's polygamous marriage is a reflection of this cultural norm.

Family Dynamics

Elkanah's two wives, Hannah and Peninnah, had a complex relationship marked by tension and rivalry. Peninnah had children, while Hannah was initially barren, which caused her great distress. The Bible notes that Peninnah would provoke Hannah, exacerbating her sorrow (1 Samuel 1:6). Despite this, Elkanah showed a particular affection for Hannah, giving her a double portion of the sacrificial offerings, as he loved her deeply (1 Samuel 1:5).

Religious Devotion

Elkanah is depicted as a devout man who regularly worshiped and sacrificed to the LORD at Shiloh, where the tabernacle was located. His annual pilgrimages to Shiloh with his family underscore his commitment to religious observance (1 Samuel 1:3). This devotion is further highlighted by his support of Hannah's vow to dedicate their son to the LORD if He granted her a child (1 Samuel 1:21-23).

Impact on Hannah and Samuel

The polygamous arrangement had significant emotional and spiritual implications for Hannah. Her deep anguish over her barrenness led her to fervent prayer, resulting in the birth of Samuel, whom she dedicated to the LORD as promised (1 Samuel 1:10-11, 27-28). Elkanah's role in this narrative is supportive, as he honors Hannah's vow and participates in the dedication of Samuel (1 Samuel 1:23).

Theological Considerations

Elkanah's account illustrates the complexities and challenges of polygamous relationships, particularly the emotional strain on individuals involved. While polygamy was practiced by some biblical figures, it often led to familial discord, as seen in Elkanah's household. The narrative does not explicitly condemn polygamy but highlights the difficulties it can create, especially in terms of favoritism and rivalry.

Conclusion

Elkanah's life and family dynamics offer a window into the practice of polygamy in ancient Israel. His account, intertwined with the birth and dedication of Samuel, underscores themes of faith, devotion, and the personal challenges that arise within polygamous marriages. Through Elkanah, the Bible presents a nuanced view of polygamy, acknowledging its presence while also revealing its potential for familial conflict.

Nave's Topical Index

1 Samuel 1:2
And he had two wives; the name of the one was Hannah, and the name of the other Peninnah: and Peninnah had children, but Hannah had no children.
Nave's Topical Index