Livestock raising is a significant theme in the Bible, reflecting the agrarian lifestyle of the ancient Near East. From the earliest chapters of Genesis, the practice of tending to animals is depicted as a vital occupation and a source of wealth and sustenance for God's people.

Biblical Foundations

The Bible introduces livestock raising in the account of Cain and Abel, where Abel is described as a "keeper of flocks" (Genesis 4:2). This early reference highlights the importance of animal husbandry alongside agriculture. The patriarchs, such as Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, were also heavily involved in livestock raising. Genesis 13:2 describes Abram as "very wealthy in livestock, silver, and gold," indicating the value placed on livestock as a measure of wealth and prosperity.

Covenantal Significance

Livestock played a crucial role in the covenantal relationship between God and His people. In Genesis 15, God instructs Abram to bring a heifer, a goat, and a ram, each three years old, along with a dove and a young pigeon, for a covenant ceremony (Genesis 15:9). These animals were integral to sacrificial practices, symbolizing atonement and dedication to God.

Cultural and Economic Role

In the ancient Near Eastern context, livestock were essential for survival and economic stability. They provided food, clothing, and labor. The Book of Job, which is set in a patriarchal context, describes Job's wealth in terms of his livestock: "He owned seven thousand sheep, three thousand camels, five hundred yoke of oxen, and five hundred female donkeys" (Job 1:3). This enumeration underscores the centrality of livestock to one's social and economic standing.

Mosaic Law and Livestock

The Mosaic Law contains numerous regulations concerning livestock, reflecting their importance in Israelite society. The Ten Commandments include a prohibition against coveting a neighbor's livestock (Exodus 20:17), underscoring their value. Additionally, laws regarding the Sabbath extend to animals, as seen in Exodus 20:10: "But the seventh day is a Sabbath to the LORD your God; on it you shall not do any work, neither you, nor your son or daughter, nor your manservant or maidservant, nor your livestock, nor the foreigner within your gates" .

Symbolism and Prophetic Imagery

Livestock are often used symbolically in the Bible. For instance, sheep and shepherd imagery is prevalent, symbolizing God's care for His people. Psalm 23 famously begins, "The LORD is my shepherd; I shall not want" (Psalm 23:1). Prophets like Isaiah and Ezekiel use livestock imagery to convey messages of judgment and restoration. Isaiah 40:11 portrays God as a shepherd: "He tends His flock like a shepherd; He gathers the lambs in His arms and carries them close to His heart" .

New Testament Context

In the New Testament, livestock continue to hold symbolic and practical significance. Jesus is referred to as the "Lamb of God" (John 1:29), highlighting His role in the ultimate sacrifice for sin. The parable of the lost sheep (Luke 15:3-7) illustrates God's relentless pursuit of the lost, using the familiar context of shepherding.

Conclusion

Livestock raising in the Bible is more than an economic activity; it is woven into the spiritual, cultural, and social fabric of biblical narratives. From the patriarchs to the teachings of Jesus, livestock serve as a powerful symbol of God's provision, care, and covenantal relationship with His people.