Introduction:
Jeroboam, the son of Nebat, was the first king of the northern kingdom of Israel following the division of the united monarchy. His reign marked a significant turning point in the history of Israel, as he established a separate kingdom distinct from the southern kingdom of Judah. Jeroboam's account is primarily found in the books of 1 Kings and 2 Chronicles.

Background:
Jeroboam was an Ephraimite from Zeredah, and his mother was Zeruah, a widow (1 Kings 11:26). He initially served as an official under King Solomon, overseeing the labor force of the house of Joseph. Recognized for his industrious nature, Jeroboam was appointed by Solomon to a position of authority.

Prophetic Call:
The prophet Ahijah the Shilonite played a crucial role in Jeroboam's rise to power. Ahijah met Jeroboam on the road and symbolically tore a new cloak into twelve pieces, giving ten to Jeroboam. This act represented the division of the kingdom and God's promise to give Jeroboam rule over ten tribes of Israel (1 Kings 11:29-31). The prophecy was a divine response to Solomon's idolatry and disobedience.

Rebellion and Ascension:
After Solomon's death, his son Rehoboam ascended the throne. Jeroboam, who had fled to Egypt to escape Solomon's wrath, returned to Israel. When Rehoboam refused to lighten the heavy burdens imposed by his father, the ten northern tribes rebelled and made Jeroboam their king (1 Kings 12:1-20).

Religious Innovations:
Jeroboam's reign is marked by significant religious changes. To prevent the people from returning to Jerusalem and potentially reuniting with Judah, Jeroboam established alternative centers of worship in Bethel and Dan. He set up golden calves and declared, "Here are your gods, O Israel, who brought you up out of the land of Egypt" (1 Kings 12:28). This act of idolatry was a direct violation of the covenant with Yahweh and led Israel into sin.

Priesthood and Festivals:
Jeroboam further deviated from traditional worship by appointing non-Levitical priests and instituting a festival on the fifteenth day of the eighth month, similar to the Feast of Tabernacles in Judah (1 Kings 12:31-32). These actions were intended to solidify his political power but resulted in spiritual apostasy.

Prophetic Condemnation:
Jeroboam's idolatry and disobedience drew condemnation from prophets. A man of God from Judah prophesied against the altar at Bethel, predicting its destruction and the desecration of its priests' bones (1 Kings 13:1-3). Despite witnessing miraculous signs, Jeroboam did not repent.

Legacy and Downfall:
Jeroboam reigned for 22 years, and his dynasty continued through his son Nadab. However, his legacy is marred by his role in leading Israel into idolatry. The phrase "the sins of Jeroboam" became synonymous with the idolatrous practices that plagued the northern kingdom. His actions set a precedent for future kings, contributing to the eventual downfall of Israel.

Death:
Jeroboam's reign ended with his death, and he was succeeded by his son Nadab (1 Kings 14:20). Despite his political achievements, Jeroboam's spiritual failures overshadowed his legacy, as recorded in the biblical narrative.