Definition and Overview:
Covenant promises in the Bible refer to the solemn commitments made by God to humanity, often involving specific blessings, conditions, and signs. These covenants are foundational to understanding the relationship between God and His people throughout the biblical narrative. They reveal God's unchanging nature, His faithfulness, and His redemptive plan for humanity.

Major Biblical Covenants:

1. The Noahic Covenant:
After the flood, God established a covenant with Noah and all living creatures, promising never to destroy the earth with a flood again. The sign of this covenant is the rainbow. Genesis 9:11 states, "I establish My covenant with you: Never again will all life be cut off by the waters of a flood; never again will there be a flood to destroy the earth."

2. The Abrahamic Covenant:
God's covenant with Abraham is foundational to the biblical narrative, promising land, descendants, and blessing. Genesis 12:2-3 records God's promise: "I will make you into a great nation, and I will bless you; I will make your name great, and you will be a blessing. I will bless those who bless you and curse those who curse you; and all the families of the earth will be blessed through you." This covenant is further elaborated in Genesis 15 and 17, where God promises the land of Canaan and the sign of circumcision.

3. The Mosaic Covenant:
Given at Mount Sinai, this covenant established the Law for the Israelites, including the Ten Commandments. It was conditional, requiring obedience to God's laws in exchange for blessings. Exodus 19:5-6 states, "Now if you will indeed obey My voice and keep My covenant, you will be My treasured possession out of all the nations—for the whole earth is Mine. And unto Me you shall be a kingdom of priests and a holy nation."

4. The Davidic Covenant:
God's promise to David ensured that his lineage would endure forever, culminating in the Messiah. 2 Samuel 7:12-13 declares, "When your days are fulfilled and you rest with your fathers, I will raise up your offspring after you, who will come from your own body, and I will establish his kingdom. He will build a house for My Name, and I will establish the throne of his kingdom forever."

5. The New Covenant:
Prophesied in the Old Testament and fulfilled in the New Testament through Jesus Christ, this covenant promises forgiveness of sins and a transformed heart. Jeremiah 31:31-33 foretells, "Behold, the days are coming, declares the LORD, when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah. It will not be like the covenant I made with their fathers... I will put My law in their minds and inscribe it on their hearts. And I will be their God, and they will be My people." This covenant is inaugurated by Jesus at the Last Supper, as recorded in Luke 22:20: "This cup is the new covenant in My blood, which is poured out for you."

Theological Significance:
Covenant promises underscore God's initiative in establishing a relationship with humanity. They highlight His sovereignty, grace, and commitment to His creation. Each covenant builds upon the previous, revealing a progressive unfolding of God's redemptive plan, ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ. The covenants demonstrate God's desire for a people set apart for Himself, living in obedience and faith, and they assure believers of His unwavering faithfulness and love.