Leviticus 22:11

But if a priest buys a slave with his own money, or if a slave is born in his household, that slave may eat his food.

Study Bible

But if a priest buys a slave
The phrase begins with the conditional "but if," indicating a specific exception to the general rules regarding who may partake in the sacred food. The Hebrew word for "priest" is "kohen," which denotes a person set apart for sacred duties. The act of buying a "slave" (Hebrew: "ebed") reflects the socio-economic structures of ancient Israel, where slavery was a regulated institution. The purchase implies ownership and responsibility, suggesting that the priest's household, including slaves, is under his spiritual and physical care.

with his own money
This phrase emphasizes personal ownership and investment. The Hebrew term for "money" is "kesef," which also means silver, a common medium of exchange. The specification of "his own" underscores the priest's personal commitment and the legitimacy of the transaction. It reflects the principle that what is acquired through one's resources becomes an integral part of one's household, thus eligible to partake in the household's provisions.

or if a slave is born in his household
Here, the text addresses slaves who are not purchased but are born within the priest's household. The Hebrew word for "born" is "yalad," indicating a natural integration into the family unit. This inclusion by birthright suggests a continuity and permanence within the household, reinforcing the idea that those who are part of the priest's immediate environment are entitled to share in the blessings and sustenance provided by God.

that slave may eat his food
The permission for the slave to "eat his food" signifies inclusion in the covenant community's blessings. The Hebrew word for "food" is "lechem," often translated as bread, symbolizing sustenance and life. This provision reflects God's grace and the extension of His covenantal blessings beyond the immediate family to all who are part of the priest's household. It underscores the principle of hospitality and care within the community of faith, where all members, regardless of status, are provided for and valued.

Persons / Places / Events

1. Priest
In the context of Leviticus, priests were descendants of Aaron, tasked with performing sacrifices and maintaining the holiness of the tabernacle. They were set apart for service to God and had specific laws governing their conduct and privileges.

2. Slave
In ancient Israel, slaves could be acquired through purchase or birth within a household. The term used here in Hebrew is (eved), which can mean servant or slave, indicating a person under the authority of another.

3. Household
Refers to the family and servants living under the authority of the priest. The household was an integral part of the social and economic structure in ancient Israel.

4. Food
Specifically refers to the holy offerings that were designated for the priests and their households. These offerings were part of the sacrificial system established by God for the Israelites.

5. Levitical Law
The broader context of Leviticus 22 is the set of laws given to the Israelites concerning purity, holiness, and the proper conduct of worship.

Teaching Points

Inclusivity in God's Community
The provision for slaves to eat the priest's food demonstrates God's inclusive nature, allowing those who are part of the household to share in the blessings of the covenant community.

Holiness and Provision
The laws concerning who may eat the holy offerings underscore the importance of holiness and the provision God makes for those who serve Him.

Spiritual Leadership and Responsibility
Priests had the responsibility to ensure that their households, including slaves, were cared for and included in the spiritual life of Israel.

Equality in Christ
While the Old Testament law made distinctions, the New Testament reveals the ultimate equality of all believers in Christ, encouraging us to view and treat others with dignity and respect.

Stewardship and Care
The priest's ability to provide for his household, including slaves, reflects the broader biblical principle of stewardship and care for those under one's authority.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does the inclusion of slaves in the priest's household reflect God's character and His view of community?

2. In what ways does the New Testament expand on the principles of inclusion and equality found in Leviticus 22:11?

3. How can we apply the principles of stewardship and care for others in our own households and communities today?

4. What does the provision for slaves to eat the priest's food teach us about God's provision and care for all members of His covenant community?

5. How can understanding the role and responsibilities of priests in the Old Testament help us appreciate the role of spiritual leaders in the church today?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Exodus 12:44
This verse also discusses the inclusion of slaves in the religious practices of Israel, specifically regarding the Passover meal, highlighting the integration of slaves into the covenant community.

Galatians 3:28
Paul speaks of the equality of all believers in Christ, transcending social and economic distinctions, which can be seen as a fulfillment of the inclusive principles hinted at in Leviticus.

1 Corinthians 9:13
Paul references the rights of those who serve in the temple to partake in the offerings, drawing a parallel to the rights of those who preach the gospel.