Deuteronomy 20:12

But if they refuse to make peace with you and wage war against you, lay siege to that city.

Study Bible

But if they refuse to make peace with you
This phrase sets the stage for a conditional scenario in the context of ancient warfare. The Hebrew root for "refuse" is "מָאֵן" (ma'en), which implies a deliberate and conscious decision to reject an offer. In the historical context of ancient Israel, making peace was often a strategic and diplomatic effort to avoid unnecessary bloodshed. The refusal to make peace indicates a hardened stance, which can be seen as a reflection of the spiritual state of the opposing nation. From a conservative Christian perspective, this refusal can be likened to the rejection of God's offer of peace through Christ, emphasizing the importance of accepting divine grace.

and wage war against you
The phrase "wage war" comes from the Hebrew "עָשָׂה מִלְחָמָה" (asah milchamah), which literally means "to make war." This indicates an active and aggressive posture, suggesting that the opposing city is not merely defensive but is taking the initiative to engage in conflict. Historically, warfare in the ancient Near East was brutal and often seen as a last resort. Theologically, this can be interpreted as the spiritual warfare that believers face, where the forces of darkness actively oppose the kingdom of God. It serves as a reminder of the reality of spiritual battles and the need for vigilance and reliance on God's strength.

lay siege to that city
The command to "lay siege" is derived from the Hebrew "צור" (tsur), which means to encircle or besiege. In ancient times, a siege was a common military tactic used to cut off a city from supplies and reinforcements, often leading to surrender due to starvation or lack of resources. Archaeological evidence from ancient cities like Lachish and Jericho provides insight into the methods and effectiveness of sieges. From a scriptural standpoint, laying siege can be seen as a metaphor for the persistent and patient endurance required in spiritual warfare. It underscores the necessity of perseverance in the face of opposition, trusting in God's ultimate victory over evil.

Persons / Places / Events

1. Israelites
The chosen people of God, who are being instructed on how to conduct warfare as they enter the Promised Land.

2. Canaanite Cities
The cities in the Promised Land that the Israelites are commanded to conquer. These cities often represent opposition to God's people and His plans.

3. Moses
The leader of the Israelites who is delivering God's laws and instructions to the people.

4. Promised Land
The land promised by God to Abraham and his descendants, which the Israelites are preparing to enter and possess.

5. Siege Warfare
A military strategy used in ancient times, involving surrounding a city to cut off supplies and force surrender.

Teaching Points

The Importance of Obedience
God's instructions to the Israelites were specific and required obedience. In our lives, we must seek to understand and follow God's will, even when it involves difficult decisions.

The Role of Peace
While the Israelites were instructed to offer peace first, the refusal of peace led to conflict. In our lives, we should strive for peace but be prepared for spiritual battles when peace is rejected.

Understanding Spiritual Warfare
The physical battles of the Old Testament often symbolize the spiritual battles we face today. We must be equipped with the armor of God to stand firm against spiritual opposition.

God's Sovereignty in Conflict
The Israelites' victories were assured when they followed God's commands. Trusting in God's sovereignty can give us confidence in facing our own challenges.

The Consequences of Rejection
The refusal of peace by the Canaanite cities led to their downfall. Similarly, rejecting God's offer of peace through Christ has eternal consequences.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does the instruction in Deuteronomy 20:12 reflect God's justice and mercy?

2. In what ways can we apply the principle of offering peace first in our personal conflicts today?

3. How does understanding the historical context of siege warfare enhance our interpretation of this passage?

4. What are some modern-day "sieges" we might face, and how can we prepare for them spiritually?

5. How do the New Testament teachings on peace and conflict (e.g., Matthew 5:9, Romans 12:18) complement or contrast with the instructions given in Deuteronomy 20:12?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Joshua 6
The fall of Jericho, where the Israelites follow God's instructions for warfare, leading to victory.

1 Samuel 15
God's command to Saul to completely destroy the Amalekites, illustrating the seriousness of following God's instructions in warfare.

Matthew 5:9
Jesus' teaching on peacemakers, providing a New Testament perspective on peace and conflict.

Romans 12:18
Paul's exhortation to live at peace with everyone, as far as it depends on us, offering a broader application of peace in relationships.

Ephesians 6:12
The spiritual nature of our battles as Christians, reminding us that our struggle is not against flesh and blood.