The trespass offering, also known as the guilt offering, is a significant aspect of the sacrificial system outlined in the Old Testament. It is primarily detailed in the book of Leviticus, where it serves as a means for the Israelites to atone for specific unintentional sins and acts of ritual impurity. The offering underscores the holiness of God and the need for His people to maintain purity and righteousness in their covenant relationship with Him.

Biblical Context and Purpose

The trespass offering is distinct from the sin offering, although both serve to address sin and impurity. The trespass offering specifically deals with offenses that involve a breach of faithfulness or trust, often requiring restitution. It is a tangible acknowledgment of wrongdoing and a step towards reconciliation with God and others.

Leviticus 5:14-19 provides the foundational instructions for the trespass offering. It is required when an individual commits a sin against the "holy things of the LORD" or against a neighbor, such as deceit or robbery. The offering serves to make amends for the wrong committed and to restore the relationship between the offender, the offended party, and God.

Provision for the Poor

Recognizing the economic diversity among the Israelites, the Law graciously provides alternatives for those unable to afford a lamb, the standard offering for a trespass. Leviticus 5:7-10 outlines the provision for those of lesser means: "If, however, he cannot afford a lamb, he may bring to the LORD as his guilt offering for the sin he has committed two turtledoves or two young pigeons, one for a sin offering and the other for a burnt offering."

This provision reflects God's compassion and understanding of human circumstances, ensuring that all individuals, regardless of their financial status, have access to His forgiveness and grace. The use of two turtledoves or pigeons allows the poor to participate fully in the sacrificial system, maintaining their covenant relationship with God.

Ritual Procedure

The ritual for offering two turtledoves or pigeons involves specific steps to ensure the offering is acceptable to God. The priest plays a crucial role in this process. One bird is designated as the sin offering, and the other as the burnt offering. The priest first sacrifices the sin offering, which involves wringing off its head and draining its blood at the side of the altar. The second bird, the burnt offering, is then prepared and offered according to the prescribed ritual.

Leviticus 5:10 states, "The priest will then offer the second bird as a burnt offering according to the ordinance. In this way the priest will make atonement on his behalf for the sin he has committed, and he will be forgiven."

Theological Significance

The trespass offering, including the provision for two turtledoves, highlights several key theological themes. It emphasizes the seriousness of sin and the necessity of atonement. The offering also illustrates God's justice, as it requires restitution for wrongs committed, and His mercy, as it provides a means for forgiveness and restoration.

Furthermore, the provision for the poor underscores the inclusivity of God's covenant community. It affirms that access to God's grace and forgiveness is not limited by economic status but is available to all who seek reconciliation with Him.

In summary, the trespass offering, particularly the allowance for two turtledoves, reflects the comprehensive nature of God's law, addressing both the spiritual and practical needs of His people. It serves as a reminder of the holiness of God, the gravity of sin, and the boundless mercy available through sincere repentance and obedience.Leviticus 5:7-10
And if he be not able to bring a lamb, then he shall bring for his trespass, which he has committed, two turtledoves, or two young pigeons, to the LORD; one for a sin offering, and the other for a burnt offering.
Torrey's Topical Textbook

Scriptural Types.
... Its frame-work on three sides consisted of upright ... of fine flour for a sin-offering"
(Lev.5:11 ... is into burnt-offerings, sin-offerings, trespass-offerings, and ...
/.../barrows/companion to the bible/chapter xxxvii scriptural types.htm

What is a trespass in the Bible? | GotQuestions.org

What is a trespass offering / guilt offering? | GotQuestions.org

What were the various sacrifices in the Old Testament? | GotQuestions.org

Trespass: Dictionary and Thesaurus | Clyx.com

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