The Golden Altar, also known as the Altar of Incense, holds significant importance in the worship practices of ancient Israel as described in the Old Testament. It was situated in the Holy Place of the Tabernacle, and later in the Temple, directly in front of the veil that separated the Holy Place from the Most Holy Place (Exodus 30:6). This altar was distinct from the Bronze Altar used for burnt offerings, as it was specifically designated for the burning of incense.

Construction and Design

The instructions for the construction of the Golden Altar are detailed in Exodus 30:1-10. It was made of acacia wood and overlaid with pure gold, measuring a cubit in length and width, and two cubits in height. The altar had horns on its four corners, also overlaid with gold, and a gold molding around its top. Two gold rings were attached to its sides to hold poles for carrying, emphasizing its portability during the Israelites' wilderness journey.

Function and Ritual Use

The primary function of the Golden Altar was the burning of incense, a practice that symbolized the prayers of the people ascending to God. Exodus 30:7-8 specifies that Aaron, the high priest, was to burn fragrant incense on the altar every morning and evening when he tended the lamps. This perpetual incense offering was a vital part of the daily worship routine, signifying a continual act of devotion and intercession before the Lord.

The incense used was a specific blend, as commanded in Exodus 30:34-38, and was considered holy. Unauthorized use of this incense blend for personal purposes was strictly prohibited, underscoring its sacred nature.

Atonement and Purification

Once a year, on the Day of Atonement, the high priest was required to make atonement for the altar by applying the blood of the sin offering to its horns (Exodus 30:10). This act of purification was necessary to cleanse the altar from the impurities of the Israelites, maintaining its sanctity and ensuring that it remained a fitting place for the offering of incense.

Symbolism and Theological Significance

The Golden Altar holds deep symbolic meaning within the biblical narrative. The rising smoke of the incense represents the prayers of the faithful, as seen in Psalm 141:2, "May my prayer be set before You like incense, my uplifted hands like the evening offering." This imagery is further echoed in the New Testament, where the prayers of the saints are depicted as incense before God (Revelation 5:8, 8:3-4).

The location of the altar, just outside the Most Holy Place, signifies the closeness of the worshiper to the divine presence, yet also the separation that existed before the coming of Christ. The veil that stood between the altar and the Ark of the Covenant was torn at the crucifixion of Jesus (Matthew 27:51), symbolizing the new access to God made possible through His sacrifice.

Historical and Cultural Context

In the broader cultural context of the ancient Near East, incense was commonly used in religious rituals. However, the specific instructions and restrictions given to the Israelites set their worship apart, emphasizing the holiness and distinctiveness of their relationship with Yahweh.

The Golden Altar, therefore, serves as a profound reminder of the importance of prayer, the holiness of God, and the intercessory role of the priesthood, all of which find their ultimate fulfillment in the person and work of Jesus Christ, our great High Priest.