Definition and Historical Context

Usury, in biblical terms, refers to the practice of charging interest on loans, particularly at exorbitant or unethical rates. The concept of usury has been a significant topic within the Judeo-Christian tradition, often associated with moral and ethical considerations regarding the treatment of the poor and the vulnerable. In ancient times, lending money was a common practice, but the imposition of interest, especially excessive interest, was viewed with suspicion and often condemned.

Biblical References

The Bible addresses the issue of usury in several passages, emphasizing the importance of compassion and fairness in financial dealings. In the Old Testament, the Law of Moses explicitly prohibits the charging of interest among the Israelites. In Exodus 22:25 , it is written: "If you lend money to one of My people among you who is poor, you must not be like a moneylender to him; you must not charge him interest." This command underscores the principle of aiding those in need without seeking personal gain.

Leviticus 25:35-37 further elaborates on this principle: "If your brother becomes impoverished and cannot support himself among you, help him as you would a foreigner or stranger, so that he can continue to live among you. Do not take any interest or profit from him, but fear your God, so that your brother can continue to live among you. You must not lend him your money at interest or sell him your food at a profit." These verses highlight the expectation of generosity and the avoidance of exploiting a fellow Israelite's misfortune.

In Deuteronomy 23:19-20 , the distinction between lending to fellow Israelites and foreigners is made clear: "Do not charge your brother interest on money, food, or any other type of loan. You may charge a foreigner interest, but you must not charge your brother interest, so that the LORD your God may bless you in everything to which you put your hand in the land you are entering to possess." This passage suggests a protective measure for the community of believers, while allowing for different practices with those outside the covenant community.

New Testament Perspective

The New Testament does not explicitly address usury in the same manner as the Old Testament, but it continues to emphasize the principles of love, generosity, and the ethical treatment of others. Jesus' teachings often focus on the spirit of the law rather than the letter, encouraging believers to act with compassion and selflessness. In Luke 6:34-35 , Jesus teaches: "And if you lend to those from whom you expect repayment, what credit is that to you? Even sinners lend to sinners, expecting to be repaid in full. But love your enemies, do good to them, and lend to them, expecting nothing in return. Then your reward will be great, and you will be sons of the Most High; for He is kind to the ungrateful and wicked."

Theological and Ethical Considerations

From a theological perspective, the biblical stance on usury reflects a broader concern for justice, mercy, and the well-being of the community. The prohibition against charging interest to fellow Israelites is rooted in the covenant relationship between God and His people, emphasizing mutual care and support. The ethical implications extend to contemporary discussions on economic justice, fair lending practices, and the moral responsibilities of individuals and institutions in financial transactions.

The biblical teachings on usury challenge believers to consider the impact of their financial decisions on others, particularly the poor and marginalized. The call to act with integrity and compassion in all areas of life, including economic matters, remains a relevant and enduring principle for Christians today.