In biblical times, the concept of "courts" is multifaceted, encompassing both the physical spaces within the tabernacle and temple complexes, as well as the judicial systems established among the Israelites. The term "courts" is used in various contexts throughout the Scriptures, reflecting both the sacred and civil aspects of ancient Israelite society.

1. The Courts of the Tabernacle and Temple

The courts of the tabernacle and later the temple were integral parts of Israelite worship and religious life. These courts served as designated areas for the congregation of Israel to gather, offer sacrifices, and participate in religious ceremonies.

· The Tabernacle: The tabernacle, constructed during the wilderness period, had an outer court where the altar of burnt offering and the bronze basin were located. This area was accessible to the Israelites for bringing their sacrifices. Exodus 27:9-19 provides detailed instructions for the construction of the tabernacle's courtyard.

· Solomon's Temple: Solomon's Temple, built in Jerusalem, expanded upon the concept of the tabernacle's courts. It included the outer court, also known as the Court of the Gentiles, the Court of Women, and the inner court, or the Court of the Israelites. The inner court was reserved for Israelite men, while the priests conducted their duties in the innermost areas. In 1 Kings 6-7, the construction and layout of Solomon's Temple, including its courts, are described.

· Second Temple: The Second Temple, rebuilt after the Babylonian exile, maintained a similar structure with multiple courts. The Gospel of John refers to Jesus teaching in the temple courts, highlighting their role as places of instruction and worship (John 7:14).

2. Judicial Courts in Israel

The judicial system in ancient Israel was established to maintain justice and order among the people. The courts were responsible for interpreting and applying the Law of Moses, ensuring that the community lived according to God's commandments.

· Moses' Appointment of Judges: In Exodus 18, Moses, following the advice of his father-in-law Jethro, appointed judges to assist in resolving disputes among the people. These judges served as leaders and decision-makers, handling cases of varying complexity.

· The Role of Elders: The elders of Israel often functioned as judges within their communities. Deuteronomy 16:18-20 instructs the Israelites to appoint judges and officials in their towns to administer justice fairly, emphasizing the importance of righteousness and impartiality.

· The Sanhedrin: By the time of the New Testament, the Sanhedrin had become the supreme judicial body in Jewish society. This council, composed of chief priests, scribes, and elders, held significant authority in legal and religious matters. The Gospels recount several instances where Jesus was brought before the Sanhedrin (e.g., Matthew 26:59).

3. Symbolic and Theological Significance

The courts, both sacred and judicial, hold symbolic and theological significance in the biblical narrative. They represent God's desire for order, justice, and holiness among His people.

· Access to God: The courts of the tabernacle and temple symbolize the accessibility of God to His people, providing a space for worship and communion. Psalm 100:4 encourages believers to "Enter His gates with thanksgiving and His courts with praise."

· Justice and Righteousness: The judicial courts underscore the biblical emphasis on justice and righteousness. Proverbs 29:26 states, "Many seek the ruler’s favor, but a man receives justice from the LORD," highlighting the divine foundation of justice.

In summary, the concept of "courts" in the Bible encompasses both the sacred spaces of worship and the judicial systems that governed Israelite society. These courts reflect the broader themes of access to God, communal worship, and the pursuit of justice and righteousness according to divine law.