The Breastpiece, also known as the Breastpiece of Judgment, is a significant element of the high priest's sacred garments as described in the Old Testament. It is primarily detailed in the Book of Exodus, where God provides Moses with specific instructions for its construction and use. The Breastpiece was worn by the high priest, Aaron, and his successors, as a symbol of their role in representing the people of Israel before God.

Biblical Description and Construction

The instructions for the Breastpiece are found in Exodus 28:15-30. It was to be crafted by skilled artisans using materials of the highest quality. The Breastpiece was made of gold, blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen, matching the ephod to which it was attached. It was square in shape, measuring a span in length and width when folded.

The Breastpiece featured four rows of precious stones, each stone representing one of the twelve tribes of Israel. The stones were set in gold filigree and arranged as follows:

1. First row: carnelian, chrysolite, and emerald.
2. Second row: turquoise, sapphire, and diamond.
3. Third row: jacinth, agate, and amethyst.
4. Fourth row: beryl, onyx, and jasper.

Each stone was engraved with the name of one of the tribes, symbolizing the high priest's role in bearing the names of the sons of Israel over his heart when he entered the Holy Place.

Function and Symbolism

The Breastpiece served both a practical and symbolic function. It was known as the Breastpiece of Judgment because it contained the Urim and Thummim, mysterious objects used to discern God's will in decision-making. Exodus 28:30 states, "And place the Urim and Thummim in the breastpiece of judgment, so that they will be over Aaron’s heart whenever he enters the presence of the LORD. Thus Aaron will always bear the means of judgment for the Israelites over his heart before the LORD."

The Breastpiece symbolized the high priest's duty to mediate between God and the people, carrying their concerns and judgments before the Lord. The presence of the twelve stones over the priest's heart emphasized the intimate and perpetual intercession for the tribes of Israel.

Theological Significance

The Breastpiece holds deep theological significance within the context of the Old Covenant. It underscores the role of the high priest as an intercessor and mediator, a foreshadowing of the ultimate High Priest, Jesus Christ, who intercedes on behalf of believers. Hebrews 4:14-16 speaks to this fulfillment, highlighting Christ's role in providing direct access to God.

The Breastpiece also reflects the beauty and order of God's design for worship and the priesthood. Each element, from the materials used to the arrangement of the stones, was intended to reflect God's holiness and the dignity of the priestly office.

In summary, the Breastpiece is a profound symbol of the high priest's role in ancient Israel, representing both the judgment and mercy of God, and pointing forward to the perfect mediation of Christ in the New Covenant.