Biblical Reference: Numbers 22:21-35

Context: The account of Balaam and his donkey is found in the Book of Numbers, a part of the Pentateuch, traditionally attributed to Moses. This narrative occurs during the Israelites' journey to the Promised Land, as they encamp in the plains of Moab, across the Jordan River from Jericho. Balak, the king of Moab, fears the Israelites and seeks to curse them through Balaam, a non-Israelite prophet known for his divination skills.

Narrative Summary: Balaam, initially instructed by God not to go with Balak's messengers, is later permitted to go but only to speak what God commands. As Balaam sets out on his journey, God’s anger is kindled because Balaam goes with the princes of Moab. The Angel of the LORD stands in the road to oppose him. Balaam rides his donkey, accompanied by two servants.

The donkey sees the Angel of the LORD standing with a drawn sword and turns off the road into a field. Balaam strikes the donkey to get it back on the road. The Angel then stands in a narrow path between two vineyards, with walls on both sides. The donkey presses against the wall, crushing Balaam's foot, and he strikes her again. The Angel moves to a narrow place where there is no room to turn. The donkey lies down under Balaam, who strikes her with his staff.

Divine Intervention: At this point, the LORD opens the donkey's mouth, and she speaks to Balaam, questioning why she is being beaten. Balaam, seemingly unfazed by the miraculous event, argues with the donkey. The LORD then opens Balaam's eyes, and he sees the Angel of the LORD standing in the way with a drawn sword. Balaam bows low and falls facedown.

The Angel questions Balaam, explaining that the donkey saved his life by turning away three times. The Angel states, "If she had not turned away, I would surely have killed you by now, but I would have spared her" (Numbers 22:33). Balaam confesses his sin, acknowledging he did not realize the Angel was opposing him. The Angel instructs Balaam to continue his journey but only to speak the words given by God.

Theological Significance: This narrative highlights several key themes:

1. Divine Sovereignty and Control: God’s control over the situation is evident as He permits Balaam to go but ensures His will is ultimately accomplished. The Angel of the LORD acts as a divine agent to enforce God’s command.

2. God’s Use of Unlikely Instruments: The speaking donkey serves as a reminder of God’s ability to use any part of His creation to fulfill His purposes. The donkey’s actions and words are instrumental in revealing the spiritual reality to Balaam.

3. Spiritual Blindness and Revelation: Balaam’s initial inability to see the Angel signifies spiritual blindness, which is only corrected by divine intervention. This underscores the necessity of God’s revelation for true understanding.

4. Obedience to God’s Word: Balaam’s experience emphasizes the importance of obedience to God’s instructions. Despite his initial disobedience, Balaam is reminded to speak only what God commands, illustrating the primacy of divine authority.

Cultural and Historical Context: Balaam is a complex figure, known outside the biblical text in ancient Near Eastern literature. His role as a prophet for hire reflects the practices of divination and prophecy in the ancient world, where prophets were often sought for blessings or curses. The narrative contrasts the pagan practices with the true prophetic word that comes from the LORD alone.

Interpretation and Application: The account of Balaam and his donkey serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of pursuing personal gain over divine instruction. It challenges believers to remain attentive to God’s guidance and to recognize His sovereignty in all circumstances. The account also encourages faith in God’s ability to reveal truth and protect His people, even through unexpected means.