The altar holds profound significance throughout the biblical narrative, serving as a central element in worship, sacrifice, and covenantal relationships between God and His people. Its symbolism is rich and multifaceted, reflecting themes of sacrifice, atonement, communion, and divine presence.

Old Testament Symbolism

In the Old Testament, the altar is primarily associated with sacrifice and worship. The first mention of an altar is found in Genesis 8:20, where Noah builds an altar to the LORD after the flood and offers burnt offerings. This act of worship signifies thanksgiving and dedication to God, acknowledging His mercy and provision.

The patriarchs, including Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, also built altars as acts of worship and covenant. In Genesis 12:7, Abraham constructs an altar at Shechem after God promises the land to his descendants. The altar here symbolizes a tangible response to divine revelation and promise.

The Mosaic Law further institutionalizes the altar's role in Israel's religious life. The altar of burnt offering, described in Exodus 27:1-8, is central to the sacrificial system. It symbolizes atonement and reconciliation with God, as sacrifices offered on it serve to cover the sins of the people. Leviticus 17:11 states, "For the life of the flesh is in the blood, and I have given it to you on the altar to make atonement for your souls, for it is the blood that makes atonement by the life."

The altar of incense, located in the Holy Place, represents the prayers of the people ascending to God. Psalm 141:2 reflects this symbolism: "May my prayer be set before You like incense, my uplifted hands like the evening offering."

New Testament Symbolism

In the New Testament, the altar's symbolism is transformed and fulfilled in the person and work of Jesus Christ. The sacrificial system of the Old Testament finds its ultimate fulfillment in Christ's atoning sacrifice on the cross. Hebrews 13:10-12 speaks of an altar from which those who serve the tabernacle have no right to eat, pointing to the new covenant established through Christ's sacrifice.

The altar also symbolizes the believer's life of sacrifice and worship. Romans 12:1 exhorts believers to "present your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and pleasing to God, which is your spiritual service of worship." Here, the altar becomes a metaphor for the believer's dedication and consecration to God.

In the book of Revelation, the altar appears in the heavenly temple, symbolizing the eternal worship and presence of God. Revelation 8:3-4 describes an angel with a golden censer standing at the altar, with the prayers of the saints ascending before God, emphasizing the continuity of worship from earth to heaven.

Theological Implications

The altar's symbolism underscores the necessity of sacrifice for atonement and reconciliation with God. It highlights the seriousness of sin and the costliness of redemption. The transition from the Old Testament sacrificial system to the New Testament fulfillment in Christ emphasizes the sufficiency and finality of His sacrifice.

Moreover, the altar as a place of worship and communion with God invites believers to a life of devotion and prayer. It serves as a reminder of God's holiness and the privilege of approaching Him through the sacrifice of His Son.

In summary, the altar in biblical symbolism is a profound representation of sacrifice, worship, and divine presence, pointing ultimately to the redemptive work of Jesus Christ and the believer's response in faith and devotion.