Introduction:
Snakes, often referred to as serpents or vipers in the Bible, hold significant symbolic and literal roles throughout the Scriptures. They are frequently associated with deception, sin, and judgment, yet also serve as instruments of God's will and symbols of wisdom. The imagery of snakes is woven into the biblical narrative from Genesis to Revelation, reflecting their complex role in the spiritual and physical realms.

Old Testament References:
The first mention of a serpent occurs in Genesis 3, where the serpent is described as "more cunning than any beast of the field that the LORD God had made" (Genesis 3:1). This serpent tempts Eve, leading to the fall of man, and is later cursed by God: "Because you have done this, cursed are you above all livestock and every beast of the field! On your belly you will go, and dust you will eat all the days of your life" (Genesis 3:14).

In the wilderness, the Israelites encounter serpents as a form of divine judgment. Numbers 21:6-9 recounts how the LORD sent fiery serpents among the people, and many Israelites died. In response, God instructs Moses to make a bronze serpent and set it on a pole, so that anyone bitten could look at it and live. This event foreshadows the redemptive work of Christ, as referenced in John 3:14-15.

The Book of Isaiah uses the imagery of vipers to describe the wickedness and deceit of Israel's leaders: "Their venom is like the venom of a serpent, like a deaf cobra that stops up its ears" (Psalm 58:4). Isaiah 14:29 warns the Philistines of a future judgment, stating, "From the root of the snake will spring up a viper, and its fruit will be a darting, venomous serpent" .

New Testament References:
In the New Testament, John the Baptist and Jesus use the imagery of vipers to describe the Pharisees and Sadducees. John the Baptist calls them a "brood of vipers" and warns them to produce fruit in keeping with repentance (Matthew 3:7). Jesus echoes this sentiment in Matthew 12:34, saying, "You brood of vipers, how can you who are evil say anything good? For out of the overflow of the heart the mouth speaks" .

The Apostle Paul encounters a literal snake in Acts 28:3-6. After being shipwrecked on the island of Malta, Paul is bitten by a viper but suffers no harm, leading the islanders to believe he is a god. This incident demonstrates God's protection over His servants and the power of faith.

Symbolism and Interpretation:
Snakes in the Bible often symbolize sin, temptation, and evil, as seen in the Genesis account. However, they also represent God's judgment and the need for repentance, as illustrated by the fiery serpents in Numbers. The bronze serpent serves as a powerful symbol of salvation and foreshadows the crucifixion of Christ, who provides eternal life to those who believe in Him.

In the New Testament, the use of "vipers" as a metaphor for religious hypocrisy underscores the importance of genuine faith and righteousness. The imagery of snakes challenges believers to examine their hearts and live in accordance with God's will.

Conclusion:
The biblical portrayal of snakes and vipers is multifaceted, encompassing themes of sin, judgment, redemption, and wisdom. Through these creatures, the Scriptures convey profound spiritual truths and call believers to a life of faithfulness and obedience to God.