The topic of slaves and masters is addressed in various passages throughout the Bible, reflecting the historical and cultural contexts of the times. The Scriptures provide guidance on the relationships between slaves and masters, emphasizing principles of justice, fairness, and mutual respect.

Old Testament Context

In the Old Testament, slavery was a common practice in ancient Near Eastern societies, including Israel. The Mosaic Law provided regulations to protect the rights and welfare of slaves. For instance, Hebrew slaves were to be released in the seventh year of service, as stated in Exodus 21:2 : "If you buy a Hebrew servant, he is to serve you for six years, but in the seventh year he shall go free, without paying anything." This provision ensured that slavery among the Israelites was not perpetual and allowed for the restoration of freedom.

The Law also mandated humane treatment of slaves. Exodus 21:26-27 states, "If a man strikes the eye of his male or female servant and destroys it, he must let the servant go free in compensation for the eye. And if he knocks out the tooth of his male or female servant, he must let the servant go free in compensation for the tooth." These laws underscored the value of human life and dignity, even within the institution of slavery.

New Testament Teachings

In the New Testament, the apostle Paul addresses the relationship between slaves and masters in several of his epistles. In Ephesians 6:5-9 , Paul instructs, "Slaves, obey your earthly masters with respect and fear and sincerity of heart, just as you would obey Christ. Obey them not only to win their favor when their eye is on you, but as slaves of Christ, doing the will of God from your heart. Serve with good will, as to the Lord and not to men, because you know that the Lord will reward each one for whatever good he does, whether he is slave or free. And masters, treat your slaves in the same way. Do not threaten them, since you know that He who is both their Master and yours is in heaven, and there is no favoritism with Him."

Paul's teachings emphasize that both slaves and masters are accountable to God, who shows no partiality. Masters are called to treat their slaves with fairness and respect, recognizing their shared humanity and equal standing before God.

In the letter to Philemon, Paul appeals to Philemon to receive his runaway slave, Onesimus, not merely as a slave but as a beloved brother in Christ (Philemon 1:15-16). This appeal highlights the transformative power of the Gospel, which transcends social and economic barriers, fostering a new relationship based on Christian love and fellowship.

Christian Principles

The biblical instructions regarding slaves and masters are rooted in broader Christian principles of love, justice, and equality. Galatians 3:28 declares, "There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus." This verse underscores the spiritual equality of all believers, regardless of their social status.

While the Bible acknowledges the existence of slavery in ancient times, its teachings lay the groundwork for the eventual abolition of slavery by promoting the inherent dignity and worth of every individual. The call for mutual respect and the recognition of a shared identity in Christ challenge the injustices associated with slavery and encourage a relationship based on love and service.