The Ten Commandments, also known as the Decalogue, are foundational laws given by God to the Israelites. They are first recorded in Exodus 20:1-17 and reiterated in Deuteronomy 5:6-21. This reiteration occurs as part of Moses' farewell address to the Israelites, as they prepare to enter the Promised Land. The repetition underscores the enduring significance of these divine laws for the covenant community.

Context and Purpose

The reiteration in Deuteronomy occurs approximately 40 years after the initial giving of the law at Mount Sinai. The Israelites are on the plains of Moab, poised to cross the Jordan River into Canaan. This new generation, many of whom were not present at Sinai, is reminded of the covenantal obligations that define their relationship with Yahweh. Moses emphasizes the importance of obedience to these commandments as a condition for receiving God's blessings in the land they are about to inherit.

Textual Analysis

The text in Deuteronomy 5 closely mirrors that of Exodus 20, with some variations that highlight different aspects of the commandments:

1. First Commandment: "I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery. You shall have no other gods before Me" (Deuteronomy 5:6-7). This commandment establishes the exclusive worship of Yahweh, rooted in His redemptive act of delivering Israel from Egypt.

2. Second Commandment: The prohibition against idolatry is reiterated, emphasizing God's jealousy and the consequences of idolatry for future generations (Deuteronomy 5:8-10).

3. Third Commandment: The command to not misuse the name of the LORD is repeated, with a reminder of the seriousness of this sin (Deuteronomy 5:11).

4. Fourth Commandment: The Sabbath commandment in Deuteronomy 5:12-15 includes a rationale that differs from Exodus. Here, the Sabbath is linked to the Israelites' liberation from Egypt, highlighting rest as a divine gift and a reminder of God's deliverance.

5. Fifth Commandment: The command to honor one's parents is reiterated, with the promise of long life in the land (Deuteronomy 5:16).

6. Sixth to Ninth Commandments: The prohibitions against murder, adultery, theft, and false testimony are restated succinctly (Deuteronomy 5:17-20).

7. Tenth Commandment: The command against coveting is expanded in Deuteronomy 5:21, listing specific items not to covet, such as a neighbor's wife, house, field, and livestock, reflecting the agrarian context of the Israelites.

Theological Significance

The reiteration of the Ten Commandments in Deuteronomy serves as a reaffirmation of the covenant between God and Israel. It underscores the timeless nature of God's moral law and its applicability to every generation. The commandments are not merely legal stipulations but are integral to the identity and mission of Israel as a holy nation. They reflect God's character and His desire for His people to live in a way that mirrors His holiness and justice.

Practical Implications

For the Israelites, adherence to the Ten Commandments was essential for maintaining their covenant relationship with God and ensuring their prosperity in the Promised Land. The reiteration in Deuteronomy serves as a reminder of the blessings associated with obedience and the consequences of disobedience. These commandments continue to hold significance for believers today, serving as a moral compass and a guide for righteous living in accordance with God's will.