In the biblical context, priestly duties encompass the roles and responsibilities assigned to the priests, primarily from the tribe of Levi, who served as mediators between God and the people of Israel. These duties are detailed extensively in the Old Testament, particularly in the books of Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. The priesthood was established by God to maintain the spiritual and ceremonial life of the nation, ensuring that the covenant relationship between God and His people was upheld.

Consecration and Ordination

The priestly duties began with the consecration and ordination of Aaron and his sons, as described in Exodus 28-29. God commanded Moses to anoint Aaron and his sons, setting them apart for service. "Take the anointing oil and anoint him by pouring it on his head" (Exodus 29:7). This anointing symbolized their sanctification and dedication to God's service.

Sacrificial System

One of the primary duties of the priests was to oversee the sacrificial system, which was central to Israel's worship and atonement for sin. Leviticus chapters 1-7 outline various offerings, including burnt offerings, grain offerings, peace offerings, sin offerings, and guilt offerings. The priests were responsible for performing these sacrifices according to the specific regulations given by God. "The priest shall burn all of it on the altar as a burnt offering, an offering made by fire, a pleasing aroma to the LORD" (Leviticus 1:9).

Teaching and Instruction

Priests also held the responsibility of teaching the Law to the people. They were to instruct Israel in God's statutes and commandments, ensuring that the nation lived in accordance with His will. "For the lips of a priest should preserve knowledge, and people should seek instruction from his mouth, because he is the messenger of the LORD of Hosts" (Malachi 2:7).

Intercession and Blessing

Intercession was another critical aspect of priestly duties. Priests acted as intermediaries, offering prayers and supplications on behalf of the people. They also pronounced blessings, as seen in the Aaronic blessing: "The LORD bless you and keep you; the LORD make His face shine upon you and be gracious to you; the LORD lift up His countenance upon you and give you peace" (Numbers 6:24-26).

Maintenance of the Tabernacle/Temple

The priests were charged with the care and maintenance of the Tabernacle, and later the Temple, where God's presence dwelled among His people. This included ensuring the sacred space was kept holy and performing rituals such as lighting the lamps, burning incense, and setting out the showbread. "Aaron shall burn fragrant incense on it every morning when he tends the lamps" (Exodus 30:7).

Judicial Functions

In addition to their religious duties, priests sometimes served in judicial capacities, helping to resolve disputes and interpret the Law. Deuteronomy 17:9-11 describes their role in making legal decisions: "Go to the Levitical priests and to the judge who is in office at that time. Inquire of them, and they will give you the verdict."

Purity and Holiness

Priests were required to adhere to strict standards of purity and holiness, as they were representatives of God to the people. Leviticus 21 outlines various regulations concerning their conduct, marriages, and physical condition, emphasizing the need for them to be set apart. "They must be holy to their God and not profane the name of their God" (Leviticus 21:6).

The priestly duties, as ordained by God, were integral to the spiritual life of Israel, serving as a foreshadowing of the ultimate High Priest, Jesus Christ, who would fulfill and transcend these roles through His perfect sacrifice and eternal intercession.