In biblical times, the concept of a pledge in marriage was deeply rooted in the cultural and religious practices of the Israelites and early Christians. A pledge in marriage often involved a formal agreement or betrothal, which was considered as binding as the marriage itself. This entry explores the biblical understanding of pledges in marriage, drawing from scriptural references and historical context.

Old Testament Context

The Old Testament provides several insights into the practice of pledging in marriage. One of the earliest examples is found in the account of Isaac and Rebekah. In Genesis 24, Abraham's servant is sent to find a wife for Isaac. Upon finding Rebekah, the servant gives her jewelry as a pledge of the marriage agreement (Genesis 24:22). This act signifies the formalization of the betrothal, which was a binding commitment even before the marriage ceremony.

The Mosaic Law also addresses the concept of pledges in marriage. In Deuteronomy 22:23-24, the law discusses the consequences for a betrothed virgin who is found to have been unfaithful. The severity of the punishment underscores the seriousness with which a betrothal pledge was regarded, equating it with the sanctity of marriage itself.

New Testament Context

In the New Testament, the concept of betrothal continues to hold significant weight. The most notable example is the betrothal of Mary and Joseph. In Matthew 1:18-19 , it is noted that Mary was pledged to be married to Joseph, but before they came together, she was found to be with child through the Holy Spirit. Joseph, described as a righteous man, considered divorcing her quietly, indicating that a betrothal was legally binding and required a formal divorce to dissolve.

The Apostle Paul also touches on the concept of pledges in marriage in his letters. In 2 Corinthians 11:2 , Paul uses the metaphor of betrothal to describe his relationship with the Corinthian church, saying, "For I am jealous for you with a godly jealousy. I promised you to one husband, to Christ, so that I might present you as a pure virgin to Him." This metaphor highlights the commitment and purity expected in the pledge of marriage, drawing a parallel to the spiritual fidelity expected of believers.

Cultural and Religious Significance

The pledge in marriage was not merely a personal agreement but a communal and religious covenant. It involved families and often included the exchange of gifts or a bride price, as seen in the account of Jacob and Rachel in Genesis 29. The pledge was a public declaration of intent, often celebrated with a feast or ceremony, marking the beginning of a period of preparation for the couple.

In Jewish tradition, the betrothal, or "kiddushin," was the first of two stages in the marriage process, the second being the "nissuin," or the actual marriage ceremony. The betrothal was a sacred commitment, and breaking it was considered a grave offense.

Theological Implications

Theologically, the pledge in marriage is seen as a reflection of God's covenant relationship with His people. Just as a betrothal is a promise of future union, so too is God's covenant a promise of His faithfulness and love. The imagery of marriage is frequently used in the Bible to describe the relationship between God and Israel, and later, between Christ and the Church (Ephesians 5:25-32).

In summary, the pledge in marriage in biblical times was a solemn and binding commitment, deeply intertwined with cultural, legal, and religious practices. It served as a precursor to the marriage covenant, carrying significant weight and expectation of fidelity and purity.