The organization of the priests and Levites is a significant aspect of the religious and social structure of ancient Israel, as outlined in the Old Testament. This organization was established by divine command and played a crucial role in the worship and sacrificial system of the Israelites.

Tribal Origin and Selection

The Levites were one of the twelve tribes of Israel, descended from Levi, the third son of Jacob and Leah. The tribe of Levi was set apart for special religious duties. Within the tribe of Levi, the family of Aaron was chosen to serve as priests. This distinction is emphasized in Exodus 28:1, where God commands Moses, "Bring near to you your brother Aaron and his sons with him, from among the Israelites, to serve Me as priests—Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, Eleazar and Ithamar."

Duties of the Priests

The priests, all of whom were descendants of Aaron, were responsible for performing the sacrifices, maintaining the sanctuary, and teaching the people the laws of God. They acted as mediators between God and the Israelites, offering sacrifices on behalf of the people and interceding for them. Leviticus 10:11 highlights their teaching role: "You must teach the Israelites all the statutes that the LORD has given them through Moses."

Duties of the Levites

The Levites, who were not of Aaron's lineage, assisted the priests in their duties. They were responsible for the care and transportation of the Tabernacle and its furnishings during the Israelites' wilderness wanderings, as described in Numbers 3:6-9: "Bring the tribe of Levi and present them to Aaron the priest to assist him. They are to perform duties for him and for the whole congregation before the Tent of Meeting, attending to the service of the tabernacle."

Divisions and Rotations

King David, recognizing the need for order and efficiency in the service of the Temple, organized the Levites and priests into divisions. This organization is detailed in 1 Chronicles 24-26. The priests were divided into 24 divisions, each serving in the Temple for one week at a time. This system ensured that the Temple was continually staffed and that the duties were shared among the priestly families.

Support and Provision

The Levites and priests were supported by the tithes and offerings of the people, as they did not receive a territorial inheritance like the other tribes. Numbers 18:21 states, "Behold, I have given the Levites all the tithes in Israel as an inheritance in return for the work they do, the work of the Tent of Meeting."

Purity and Holiness

The priests and Levites were required to adhere to strict standards of purity and holiness, as they were serving in the presence of a holy God. Leviticus 21 outlines various regulations concerning the conduct and qualifications of the priests, emphasizing their need to be set apart for their sacred duties.

Reforms and Restorations

Throughout Israel's history, there were periods of neglect and corruption among the priesthood, leading to various reforms. Notable reforms were carried out by King Hezekiah and King Josiah, who sought to restore proper worship and adherence to the Law. In 2 Chronicles 29:4-5, Hezekiah gathered the priests and Levites and instructed them to consecrate themselves and the Temple.

The organization of the priests and Levites was integral to the spiritual life of Israel, ensuring that worship was conducted according to God's commands and that the people were taught His laws. This structure underscored the importance of holiness, order, and devotion in the service of the Lord.