The "Letter to King Artaxerxes" is a significant document mentioned in the Old Testament, specifically in the Book of Ezra. This letter is part of the narrative that describes the challenges faced by the Jewish exiles who returned to Jerusalem to rebuild the temple and restore their community after the Babylonian captivity. The letter is a critical piece of correspondence that reflects the political and social dynamics of the time.

Historical Context

The events surrounding the letter occur during the reign of Artaxerxes I, the king of Persia, who ruled from 465 to 424 BC. The Persian Empire, under which the Jewish people were subjects, was vast and diverse, and the king's decrees had far-reaching implications. The return of the Jewish exiles to Jerusalem was initially sanctioned by Cyrus the Great, but subsequent opposition from local adversaries created significant obstacles.

Content of the Letter

The letter to King Artaxerxes is found in Ezra 4:7-16. It was written by the adversaries of the Jews, including Rehum the commander and Shimshai the scribe, who sought to halt the rebuilding efforts in Jerusalem. The letter accuses the Jews of rebellion and insubordination, suggesting that the restoration of Jerusalem's walls and infrastructure would lead to a cessation of tribute, taxes, and duty to the Persian king. The authors of the letter appeal to the king's interests, warning that a fortified Jerusalem could threaten the stability and revenue of the empire.

Response from Artaxerxes

King Artaxerxes' response is recorded in Ezra 4:17-22. After reviewing the letter and consulting the historical records, Artaxerxes orders the cessation of the construction work in Jerusalem. He instructs that the city should not be rebuilt until he issues a further decree. This royal edict effectively halts the progress of the Jewish community, demonstrating the power of political influence and the precarious position of the Jewish exiles under foreign rule.

Theological Implications

The "Letter to King Artaxerxes" and the subsequent royal decree highlight the theme of opposition faced by God's people throughout biblical history. Despite the challenges and setbacks, the narrative underscores the sovereignty of God and His ultimate plan for the restoration of Jerusalem. The temporary halt in construction serves as a reminder of the trials that often accompany the fulfillment of divine promises.

Relevance to the Jewish Community

For the Jewish community, the letter represents a period of testing and perseverance. It illustrates the external pressures and internal resolve required to maintain faith and commitment to God's commands. The eventual resumption of the rebuilding efforts, as described later in the Book of Ezra, signifies the triumph of divine purpose over human opposition.

Conclusion

The "Letter to King Artaxerxes" is a pivotal episode in the post-exilic history of Israel. It provides insight into the complex interplay between divine providence and human agency, as well as the enduring faith of the Jewish people in the face of adversity.