Definition and Identity
Jews by birth, also known as ethnic or natural Jews, are individuals who are descendants of the ancient Israelites, tracing their lineage through the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. This identity is deeply rooted in the covenantal relationship established by God with Abraham, as recorded in Genesis 17:7 : "I will establish My covenant as an everlasting covenant between Me and you and your descendants after you for the generations to come, to be your God and the God of your descendants after you."

Biblical Lineage and Covenant
The Jewish identity is intrinsically linked to the Abrahamic covenant, which includes the promise of land, descendants, and blessing. This covenant was reaffirmed with Isaac (Genesis 26:3-4) and Jacob (Genesis 28:13-15), establishing a lineage that would become the nation of Israel. The sign of this covenant, circumcision, was given to Abraham and his descendants as a perpetual sign (Genesis 17:10-11).

Role in Salvation History
Jews by birth hold a unique place in salvation history as the chosen people through whom God revealed His law and promises. Romans 9:4-5 highlights their privileges: "Theirs is the adoption as sons; theirs the divine glory, the covenants, the giving of the Law, the temple worship, and the promises. Theirs are the patriarchs, and from them proceeds the human descent of Christ, who is God over all, forever worthy of praise! Amen."

The Law and Prophets
The Jewish people were entrusted with the Law and the Prophets, serving as custodians of God's revelation. This stewardship is emphasized in Romans 3:1-2 : "What, then, is the advantage of being a Jew? Or what is the value of circumcision? Much in every way. First of all, they have been entrusted with the very words of God."

Messianic Expectation
Throughout the Old Testament, Jews by birth anticipated the coming of the Messiah, a hope fulfilled in Jesus Christ. The prophetic writings, such as Isaiah 53 and Micah 5:2, pointed to a Savior who would arise from the lineage of David, a descendant of Judah, one of the twelve tribes of Israel.

New Testament Perspective
In the New Testament, the identity of Jews by birth is addressed in the context of the broader plan of salvation. While the gospel was first preached to the Jews, it was also extended to the Gentiles, fulfilling God's promise to bless all nations through Abraham's seed (Galatians 3:8). The Apostle Paul, himself a Jew by birth, expressed a deep love for his people and a desire for their salvation (Romans 10:1).

Spiritual Israel
The New Testament introduces the concept of spiritual Israel, where both Jews and Gentiles who believe in Christ are considered children of Abraham through faith (Galatians 3:7). This does not negate the ethnic identity of Jews by birth but rather expands the understanding of God's covenantal promises to include all who are in Christ.

Contemporary Relevance
The identity and role of Jews by birth continue to be significant in theological discussions and eschatological expectations. The enduring nature of God's promises to Israel is a topic of interest and debate within Christian theology, particularly concerning the interpretation of prophetic scriptures related to the end times and the restoration of Israel.