The establishment of David's kingship marks a pivotal moment in the history of Israel, transitioning from the period of the judges and the reign of Saul to the unified monarchy under David. This event is chronicled primarily in the books of 1 Samuel, 2 Samuel, and 1 Chronicles, and it holds significant theological and historical importance.

Anointing by Samuel

David's journey to kingship begins with his anointing by the prophet Samuel. God rejects Saul as king due to his disobedience and instructs Samuel to anoint a new king from the sons of Jesse of Bethlehem. Despite being the youngest and seemingly least likely candidate, David is chosen by God. "But the LORD said to Samuel, 'Do not consider his appearance or his height, for I have rejected him. The LORD does not see as man does. For man sees the outward appearance, but the LORD sees the heart'" (1 Samuel 16:7). Samuel anoints David in the presence of his brothers, and the Spirit of the LORD comes powerfully upon David from that day forward (1 Samuel 16:13).

David and Saul

David's rise to prominence is marked by his service in Saul's court and his victory over Goliath, which earns him national acclaim. However, Saul's jealousy leads to a prolonged period of conflict between Saul and David. Despite being pursued by Saul, David consistently refuses to harm the LORD's anointed, demonstrating his respect for God's timing and authority (1 Samuel 24:6, 26:9).

Death of Saul and Jonathan

The death of Saul and his son Jonathan in battle against the Philistines (1 Samuel 31) paves the way for David's ascent to the throne. David mourns their deaths deeply, composing a lamentation that highlights his respect and love for both Saul and Jonathan (2 Samuel 1:17-27).

David Anointed King of Judah

Following Saul's death, David seeks God's guidance and is directed to go to Hebron, where the men of Judah anoint him as king over the house of Judah (2 Samuel 2:1-4). This marks the beginning of David's reign, although initially only over the tribe of Judah.

Conflict with Ish-bosheth

The house of Saul, under the leadership of Ish-bosheth, Saul's son, continues to rule over the other tribes of Israel. This division leads to a period of civil war between the house of Saul and the house of David. Over time, David's house grows stronger, while the house of Saul weakens (2 Samuel 3:1).

Unification of Israel

The turning point comes with the assassination of Ish-bosheth, which leads the elders of Israel to approach David at Hebron. They acknowledge David's past leadership and God's promise to him: "And the LORD said to you, 'You will shepherd My people Israel, and you will be ruler over them'" (2 Samuel 5:2). David is anointed king over all Israel, uniting the tribes under his leadership (2 Samuel 5:3).

Jerusalem as the Capital

David captures Jerusalem from the Jebusites and establishes it as the political and spiritual capital of Israel. This strategic move not only unifies the nation but also sets the stage for the future construction of the temple. "David then took up residence in the fortress and called it the City of David" (2 Samuel 5:9).

The Davidic Covenant

God establishes a covenant with David, promising that his dynasty will endure forever. This covenant is foundational for the messianic hope in Israel, as it foretells the coming of a descendant of David who will establish an everlasting kingdom (2 Samuel 7:12-16).

The establishment of David's kingship is a testament to God's sovereign choice and faithfulness to His promises. David's reign is characterized by military victories, the expansion of Israel's territory, and the centralization of worship in Jerusalem, setting the stage for the future glory of Israel under Solomon.