In biblical terms, the concept of "neighbor" extends beyond mere geographical proximity or social acquaintance. It is deeply rooted in the moral and ethical teachings of the Scriptures, emphasizing love, compassion, and justice.

Old Testament Understanding

The Hebrew word for neighbor, "רֵעַ" (rea), appears frequently in the Old Testament, often in the context of community and social relationships. Leviticus 19:18 is a foundational verse: "Do not seek revenge or bear a grudge against any of your people, but love your neighbor as yourself. I am the LORD." This commandment underscores the importance of treating others with the same respect and care one desires for oneself, establishing a standard for interpersonal conduct among the Israelites.

The Decalogue, or Ten Commandments, also addresses the treatment of neighbors. Exodus 20:16-17 states, "You shall not give false testimony against your neighbor. You shall not covet your neighbor’s house; you shall not covet your neighbor’s wife, or his manservant or maidservant, his ox or donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbor." These commandments highlight the importance of honesty, integrity, and respect for others' property and relationships.

New Testament Expansion

In the New Testament, Jesus Christ expands the definition of neighbor, transcending ethnic and religious boundaries. In the Parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:25-37), Jesus illustrates that a neighbor is not merely someone who lives nearby or shares one's cultural or religious identity, but anyone in need of mercy and compassion. When asked, "And who is my neighbor?" (Luke 10:29), Jesus responds with a account that challenges societal norms and prejudices, demonstrating that love and kindness should be extended to all, regardless of background.

Jesus reiterates the commandment to love one's neighbor in Matthew 22:39 , stating, "And the second is like it: ‘Love your neighbor as yourself.’" This commandment is paired with the greatest commandment to love God, forming the basis of Christian ethical teaching.

Theological Implications

The biblical concept of neighbor carries significant theological implications. It calls for an active expression of love that mirrors God's love for humanity. This love is not passive but involves tangible actions that promote the well-being of others. The Apostle Paul echoes this sentiment in Romans 13:9-10 : "The commandments, 'You shall not commit adultery,' 'You shall not murder,' 'You shall not steal,' 'You shall not covet,' and whatever other commandment there may be, are summed up in this one decree: 'Love your neighbor as yourself.' Love does no wrong to its neighbor. Therefore love is the fulfillment of the law."

Practical Application

In practical terms, the biblical mandate to love one's neighbor calls for a life of service, empathy, and justice. It challenges believers to look beyond personal interests and societal divisions, advocating for a community where love and righteousness prevail. This principle is foundational to Christian ethics and is reflected in various aspects of church life, social justice initiatives, and personal relationships.

In summary, the biblical definition of "neighbor" is comprehensive, encompassing all individuals and calling for a love that reflects the character of God. It is a central tenet of biblical teaching, urging believers to live out their faith through acts of kindness and justice.