The phrase "David inquires of the LORD" refers to several instances in the biblical narrative where David, the second king of Israel, seeks divine guidance through prayer and consultation with the priestly ephod or prophets. This practice underscores David's reliance on God's direction in critical moments of his life and reign, reflecting his deep faith and commitment to following God's will.

Biblical Instances:

1. 1 Samuel 23:1-5: When David learns that the Philistines are attacking the town of Keilah, he inquires of the LORD whether he should go and attack the Philistines. The LORD responds affirmatively, assuring David of victory. Despite his men's fear, David seeks the LORD's guidance again, and upon receiving confirmation, he leads his men to save Keilah.

"So David inquired of the LORD, saying, 'Shall I go and attack these Philistines?' And the LORD said to David, 'Go and attack the Philistines and save Keilah.'" (1 Samuel 23:2)

2. 1 Samuel 30:7-8: After the Amalekites raid Ziklag, capturing the families of David and his men, David turns to the LORD for guidance. He asks if he should pursue the raiders and if he will overtake them. The LORD assures him of success, leading to the recovery of all that was taken.

"Then David said to Abiathar the priest, the son of Ahimelech, 'Please bring me the ephod.' So Abiathar brought it to him, and David inquired of the LORD, 'Should I pursue these raiders? Will I overtake them?' And the LORD told him, 'Pursue them, for you will surely overtake them and rescue the captives.'" (1 Samuel 30:7-8)

3. 2 Samuel 2:1: Following the death of Saul, David seeks the LORD's guidance on whether he should go up to one of the towns of Judah. The LORD instructs him to go to Hebron, where David is anointed king over the house of Judah.

"Some time later, David inquired of the LORD, 'Should I go up to one of the towns of Judah?' The LORD answered, 'Go up.' David then asked, 'Where should I go?' 'To Hebron,' replied the LORD." (2 Samuel 2:1)

4. 2 Samuel 5:17-25: When the Philistines come against David after he becomes king over all Israel, David inquires of the LORD twice. In the first instance, God instructs him to attack directly, promising victory. In the second instance, God provides a specific strategy involving a surprise attack from behind the Philistine lines.

"So David inquired of the LORD, 'Should I go up against the Philistines? Will You deliver them into my hand?' The LORD replied, 'Go, for I will surely deliver the Philistines into your hand.'" (2 Samuel 5:19)

Theological Significance:

David's practice of inquiring of the LORD highlights his dependence on divine wisdom rather than human understanding. It reflects a model of leadership that prioritizes spiritual discernment and obedience to God's commands. This reliance on God is a recurring theme in David's life, contributing to his reputation as a man after God's own heart (1 Samuel 13:14, Acts 13:22).

Method of Inquiry:

David often used the ephod, a priestly garment associated with seeking God's will, to inquire of the LORD. The presence of the priest, such as Abiathar, and the use of the ephod suggest a formal process of seeking divine guidance, possibly involving the Urim and Thummim, sacred lots used for decision-making.

Contrast with Saul:

David's consistent inquiry of the LORD contrasts sharply with King Saul, who, in his later years, failed to seek God's guidance and ultimately turned to a medium (1 Samuel 28:6-7). This contrast underscores the importance of seeking God's will and the consequences of neglecting divine guidance.

Legacy:

David's example of inquiring of the LORD serves as an enduring model for believers, emphasizing the importance of prayer, seeking God's guidance, and trusting in His plans. It illustrates the principle that true wisdom and success come from aligning one's actions with God's will.