In the biblical context, the terms "concubines" and "wives" refer to women who were in a marital or quasi-marital relationship with a man, often within the patriarchal structures of ancient Near Eastern societies. The distinction between the two roles is significant in understanding family dynamics, inheritance rights, and social status in biblical times.

Wives

The role of a wife in the Bible is primarily defined within the covenant of marriage, a sacred institution established by God. The creation narrative in Genesis sets the foundation for marriage: "For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and they will become one flesh" (Genesis 2:24). This verse underscores the divine intention for marriage to be a union between one man and one woman, characterized by unity and exclusivity.

Throughout the Old Testament, wives are often depicted as partners and companions. Proverbs 31 provides a detailed description of a virtuous wife, highlighting her industriousness, wisdom, and fear of the Lord. The role of a wife also includes childbearing and nurturing, as seen in the accounts of Sarah, Rebekah, Leah, and Rachel, among others.

In the New Testament, the role of wives is further elaborated upon in the epistles. Ephesians 5:22-33 instructs wives to submit to their husbands as to the Lord, while husbands are commanded to love their wives as Christ loved the church. This mutual relationship is rooted in love, respect, and sacrificial service.

Concubines

Concubines in the Bible were women who had a recognized relationship with a man, similar to that of a wife, but without the full status or rights of a wife. The practice of taking concubines was common in ancient cultures and is documented in the lives of several biblical figures.

One of the most notable examples is King Solomon, who had 700 wives and 300 concubines (1 Kings 11:3). The presence of concubines often reflected the wealth and power of a man, as well as political alliances. However, the Bible also records the complications and strife that arose from such arrangements, as seen in the account of Abraham, Sarah, and Hagar (Genesis 16).

Concubines could bear children, and their offspring were often considered legitimate, though they typically had lesser inheritance rights compared to the children of wives. The account of Gideon's son Abimelech, born to a concubine, illustrates the potential for conflict and ambition (Judges 8:31; 9:1-6).

The New Testament does not explicitly address the practice of concubinage, but the teachings of Jesus and the apostles emphasize the sanctity and exclusivity of marriage. Jesus' affirmation of the Genesis account of marriage (Matthew 19:4-6) and Paul's instructions to church leaders to be "the husband of one wife" (1 Timothy 3:2) reflect a return to the original divine design for marriage.

In summary, while the Bible records the existence of concubines and multiple wives, it consistently points towards the ideal of monogamous marriage as established by God. The narratives involving concubines often serve as cautionary tales, highlighting the discord and moral complexities that arise from deviating from God's design for marriage.