Civil conflict, as depicted in the Bible, refers to strife, discord, and warfare occurring within a nation or community, often among people of the same ethnic or national identity. The Bible provides numerous accounts of civil conflict, illustrating both its causes and consequences, and offering insights into the human condition and divine expectations.

Old Testament Examples

1. The Conflict between Cain and Abel: The earliest instance of civil conflict is found in Genesis 4, where Cain, in a fit of jealousy and anger, kills his brother Abel. This fratricide marks the beginning of human conflict and highlights the destructive power of sin. Genesis 4:8 states, "Cain said to his brother Abel, 'Let us go out to the field.' And while they were in the field, Cain attacked his brother Abel and killed him."

2. The Division of Israel: A significant civil conflict in the Old Testament is the division of the united kingdom of Israel into the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah. This division occurred after the reign of Solomon due to political and religious disagreements, as well as heavy taxation. 1 Kings 12:19 notes, "So to this day Israel has been in rebellion against the house of David."

3. The Conflict between David and Saul: The tension between King Saul and David is another example of civil strife. Saul's jealousy and fear of David's rising popularity led to a prolonged period of conflict. 1 Samuel 18:29 records, "And Saul was even more afraid of David. So Saul was David’s enemy continually."

4. Absalom’s Rebellion: King David faced civil conflict within his own family when his son Absalom led a rebellion against him. This internal strife is detailed in 2 Samuel 15-18, where Absalom's ambition and David's response are chronicled. 2 Samuel 15:6 states, "Absalom did this to all the Israelites who came to the king for justice. So he stole the hearts of the men of Israel."

New Testament Insights

1. Jesus on Division: Jesus acknowledged the reality of division and conflict, even among close relations, as a consequence of His message. In Matthew 10:34-36 , Jesus says, "Do not assume that I have come to bring peace to the earth; I have not come to bring peace, but a sword. For I have come to turn 'a man against his father, a daughter against her mother, a daughter-in-law against her mother-in-law. A man’s enemies will be the members of his own household.'"

2. The Early Church: The early Christian community also experienced internal conflicts, as seen in the disputes over the inclusion of Gentiles and the observance of Jewish law. Acts 15 describes the Jerusalem Council, where these issues were debated and resolved. Acts 15:2 states, "And after much discussion, Peter got up and said to them, 'Brothers, you know that in the early days God made a choice among you that the Gentiles should hear from my lips the message of the gospel and believe.'"

Theological Reflections

Civil conflict in the Bible often arises from human sinfulness, including pride, jealousy, and the desire for power. The biblical narrative consistently points to the need for repentance, reconciliation, and reliance on God's wisdom to resolve such conflicts. Proverbs 15:18 advises, "A hot-tempered man stirs up strife, but he who is slow to anger calms a dispute."

The Bible also emphasizes the importance of unity and peace among God's people. Ephesians 4:3 urges believers to "make every effort to keep the unity of the Spirit through the bond of peace." This call to unity is a recurring theme, underscoring the belief that peace and reconciliation are central to the Christian faith and witness.