Introduction:
Balaam, a non-Israelite prophet, is a complex figure in the biblical narrative, primarily known for his oracles found in the Book of Numbers. His account unfolds in Numbers 22-24, where he is summoned by Balak, the king of Moab, to curse the Israelites. Despite his initial intentions, Balaam delivers a series of oracles that bless Israel instead of cursing them, as God intervenes to control his speech.

Background:
Balaam, son of Beor, is introduced as a diviner from Pethor, near the Euphrates River. His reputation as a seer who could bless or curse effectively was well-known, prompting Balak to seek his services against the encroaching Israelites. The narrative highlights the tension between human intentions and divine sovereignty, as God uses Balaam to pronounce blessings over His chosen people.

The Oracles:
Balaam's oracles are a series of prophetic declarations that reveal God's favor and future plans for Israel. These oracles are significant for their poetic form and theological depth, emphasizing God's unchanging purpose and the inviolability of His promises.

1. First Oracle (Numbers 23:7-10):
Balaam's first oracle begins with a declaration that he cannot curse whom God has not cursed. He acknowledges Israel's unique status as a people set apart by God. The oracle concludes with a vision of Israel's vast numbers and a desire for a righteous end: "Who can count the dust of Jacob or number even a fourth of Israel? Let me die the death of the righteous, and may my end be like theirs!" (Numbers 23:10).

2. Second Oracle (Numbers 23:18-24):
In the second oracle, Balaam emphasizes God's immutability and faithfulness. He declares, "God is not a man, that He should lie, nor a son of man, that He should change His mind" (Numbers 23:19). This oracle underscores God's protection over Israel, portraying them as a lioness rising up, invincible and blessed.

3. Third Oracle (Numbers 24:3-9):
The third oracle is delivered after Balaam sees Israel encamped tribe by tribe. Inspired by the Spirit of God, he proclaims the beauty and prosperity of Israel, likening them to fertile valleys and gardens. He reiterates the blessing of those who bless Israel and the curse on those who curse them: "May those who bless you be blessed and those who curse you be cursed!" (Numbers 24:9).

4. Fourth Oracle (Numbers 24:15-19):
The fourth oracle is a messianic prophecy, foretelling a future ruler from Israel: "A star will come out of Jacob, and a scepter will rise out of Israel" (Numbers 24:17). This oracle looks forward to the ultimate triumph of Israel over its enemies, symbolized by the star and scepter, often interpreted as a reference to the coming Messiah.

Subsequent Oracles (Numbers 24:20-24):
Balaam delivers additional oracles concerning the fate of other nations, including Amalek, the Kenites, and others. These pronouncements further demonstrate God's control over the destinies of nations and His overarching plan for history.

Theological Significance:
Balaam's oracles highlight several key theological themes: the sovereignty of God, the irrevocable nature of His blessings, and the special status of Israel as His chosen people. Despite Balaam's initial intent to curse, God's will prevails, showcasing His power to use even reluctant prophets to fulfill His purposes. The oracles also foreshadow the coming of a messianic figure, pointing to the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises through Jesus Christ.

Legacy:
Balaam's account serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of greed and the futility of opposing God's will. Although he is later condemned for leading Israel into sin (Numbers 31:16; Revelation 2:14), his oracles remain a testament to God's unyielding commitment to His people and His redemptive plan for the world.