Joshua 11:2

to the kings of the north in the mountains, in the Arabah south of Chinnereth, in the foothills, and in Naphoth-dor to the west;

Study Bible

to the kings
This phrase refers to the rulers of various city-states in the region. In the ancient Near East, kings often ruled over city-states rather than large nations. The Hebrew word for "kings" is "מְלָכִים" (melachim), which signifies authority and governance. These kings were significant figures, each ruling over their own territories, and their collective opposition to Israel highlights the formidable challenge Joshua faced. Historically, this reflects the political landscape of Canaan, where numerous small kingdoms existed, each with its own king.

in the northern hill country
The "northern hill country" refers to the elevated regions in the northern part of Canaan. This area was known for its rugged terrain, which provided natural fortifications for the cities located there. The Hebrew term "הַר" (har) means "mountain" or "hill," indicating the geographical features that made these areas strategically important. The northern hill country was a significant region for military campaigns, as controlling the high ground often meant having a tactical advantage.

the Arabah south of Chinnereth
The "Arabah" is a desert region, and in this context, it refers to the Jordan Valley. "Chinnereth" is another name for the Sea of Galilee. The Hebrew word "עֲרָבָה" (arabah) denotes a dry, desert-like area, which contrasts with the fertile lands around Chinnereth. This juxtaposition of desert and fertile land underscores the diversity of the land that Israel was to conquer. The Arabah was a significant geographical feature, serving as a natural boundary and a challenging terrain for military movements.

the western foothills
The "western foothills" are the lowlands west of the central hill country of Canaan. The Hebrew term "שְׁפֵלָה" (shephelah) refers to these rolling hills and valleys. This area was agriculturally rich and strategically important, serving as a buffer zone between the coastal plains and the central highlands. The western foothills were often contested due to their fertile land and strategic location, making them a key area in the conquest of Canaan.

and Naphoth-dor to the west
"Naphoth-dor" refers to a region near the city of Dor, located on the Mediterranean coast. The Hebrew "נָפֹת דּוֹר" (naphoth dor) indicates a district or region associated with Dor. This coastal area was significant for trade and military strategy, as controlling the coast meant access to maritime routes and resources. Historically, Dor was an important Canaanite city, and its mention here highlights the comprehensive nature of the conquest, extending from the inland regions to the coastal areas. The inclusion of Naphoth-dor emphasizes the breadth of the land that Israel was to take possession of, fulfilling God's promise to give them a land "flowing with milk and honey."

Persons / Places / Events

1. Kings of the North
These were the rulers of various city-states in the northern region of Canaan. They banded together to oppose Israel's conquest.

2. Hill Country
A region characterized by its elevated terrain, often seen as a strategic military advantage in ancient warfare.

3. Arabah
A desert region south of the Sea of Galilee, known for its arid conditions and challenging landscape.

4. Chinneroth
An area near the Sea of Galilee, also known as the Sea of Chinnereth, which was a fertile and significant region for agriculture and trade.

5. Naphoth-dor
A coastal region in the western part of Canaan, known for its proximity to the Mediterranean Sea and its strategic importance.

Teaching Points

God's Sovereignty in Battle
Just as God delivered the southern kings into Joshua's hands, He demonstrates His sovereignty over the northern kings. Believers can trust in God's control over seemingly insurmountable challenges.

Unity Against God's People
The coalition of northern kings represents the world's opposition to God's people. Christians should be prepared for opposition but remain steadfast, knowing God is with them.

Strategic Obedience
Joshua's campaign strategy was guided by God's instructions. Believers should seek God's guidance in their decisions, trusting His wisdom over human strategy.

Faith in God's Promises
The conquest of Canaan was a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham. Christians can have confidence in God's promises, knowing He is faithful to fulfill them.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does the coalition of the northern kings reflect the challenges Christians face today from worldly systems?

2. In what ways can we see God's sovereignty in our personal battles, similar to how He was sovereign in Joshua's conquests?

3. How can the strategic obedience of Joshua inspire us to seek God's guidance in our daily decisions?

4. What are some promises of God that you are holding onto, and how does the fulfillment of God's promises to Israel encourage you?

5. How can the unity of the northern kings against Israel serve as a warning and a lesson for the church today in terms of spiritual warfare?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Joshua 10
The previous chapter details the southern campaign of Joshua, where God delivered the southern kings into Israel's hands. This sets the stage for the northern campaign in Joshua 11.

Judges 4-5
The account of Deborah and Barak, where God again delivers Israel from the hands of a northern coalition, showing a pattern of divine intervention in Israel's battles.

Psalm 2
This psalm speaks of the futility of kings and rulers plotting against God's anointed, echoing the futility of the northern kings' coalition against Israel.