Ecclesiastes 2:19
And who knows whether that man will be wise or foolish? Yet he will take over all the labor at which I have worked skillfully under the sun. This too is futile.
And who knows
This phrase introduces the uncertainty of the future, a common theme in Ecclesiastes. The Hebrew word "yada" (יָדַע) implies not just knowledge but an intimate understanding or certainty. The Preacher, traditionally understood as Solomon, acknowledges human limitations in foreseeing the future. This reflects a broader biblical theme that ultimate knowledge belongs to God alone (Deuteronomy 29:29).

whether he will be wise or foolish?
The contrast between wisdom and folly is central to the wisdom literature of the Bible. The Hebrew words "chakam" (חָכָם) for wise and "kesil" (כְּסִיל) for foolish highlight the moral and practical dimensions of these terms. Wisdom in the biblical sense is not merely intellectual but involves living in accordance with God's will. The uncertainty of whether one's successor will be wise or foolish underscores the vanity of human endeavors when detached from divine purpose.

Yet he will take over
This phrase reflects the inevitability of succession. The Hebrew verb "shalat" (שָׁלַט) suggests dominion or control. The Preacher laments the fact that all his labor and achievements will eventually be handed over to another, emphasizing the transient nature of earthly accomplishments. This echoes the biblical teaching that earthly treasures are temporary (Matthew 6:19-20).

all the work
The Hebrew word "ma'aseh" (מַעֲשֶׂה) refers to deeds or labor. In the context of Ecclesiastes, it encompasses the totality of human effort. The Preacher's reflection on his work invites readers to consider the purpose and value of their own labor. It challenges the reader to view work not as an end in itself but as a means to serve God and others.

into which I have poured my effort and skill
The phrase highlights the personal investment of the Preacher. The Hebrew words "amal" (עָמָל) for effort and "chokmah" (חָכְמָה) for skill denote toil and wisdom, respectively. This reflects the biblical principle that work is a significant aspect of human life, intended by God for stewardship and creativity (Genesis 2:15). However, the Preacher's lament points to the futility of work when it is disconnected from eternal significance.

under the sun
This phrase is a recurring motif in Ecclesiastes, symbolizing the earthly, temporal realm. It underscores the limitations of human perspective when confined to the material world. The Preacher's use of this phrase invites readers to lift their eyes beyond the sun, to consider the eternal perspective offered by faith in God.

This too is futile
The Hebrew word "hevel" (הֶבֶל), often translated as vanity or futility, conveys the idea of breath or vapor—something transient and insubstantial. The Preacher's conclusion that even the fruits of wisdom and labor are ultimately futile without God challenges readers to seek meaning beyond the temporal. It echoes the biblical call to find purpose in a relationship with God, who alone can provide lasting significance (1 Corinthians 15:58).

Persons / Places / Events
1. Solomon
Traditionally considered the author of Ecclesiastes, Solomon was the king of Israel known for his wisdom, wealth, and extensive building projects. He reflects on the futility of human endeavors.

2. The Successor
The person who will inherit the fruits of Solomon's labor. The identity and character of this successor are unknown, highlighting the uncertainty of legacy.

3. Under the Sun
A phrase used throughout Ecclesiastes to describe life on earth from a human perspective, emphasizing the temporal and often futile nature of worldly pursuits.
Teaching Points
The Uncertainty of Legacy
We cannot control who will inherit our work or how they will use it. This uncertainty should lead us to focus on what is eternal rather than solely on earthly achievements.

The Futility of Earthly Pursuits
Solomon's reflection on the futility of his labor underlines the importance of seeking meaning beyond material success and human accomplishments.

Wisdom in Stewardship
While we cannot ensure the wisdom of our successors, we can be wise stewards of our resources, investing in things that have eternal significance.

Trust in God's Sovereignty
Recognizing our limitations should lead us to trust in God's sovereignty over our lives and legacies, knowing that He works all things for His purposes.
Bible Study Questions
1. How does the uncertainty of who will inherit our work affect the way we approach our daily tasks and long-term goals?

2. In what ways can we ensure that our efforts and resources are invested in things that have eternal value?

3. How does the concept of "under the sun" in Ecclesiastes challenge our perspective on worldly success and achievements?

4. What practical steps can we take to be wise stewards of the resources and opportunities God has given us?

5. How can we find peace and purpose in our work, knowing that we cannot control the future or the actions of those who come after us?
Connections to Other Scriptures
Proverbs 13:22
This verse contrasts the idea of leaving an inheritance to a wise successor, suggesting that a good person leaves an inheritance to their children's children, while the sinner's wealth is stored up for the righteous.

Matthew 6:19-21
Jesus teaches about storing treasures in heaven rather than on earth, which aligns with the theme of the futility of earthly pursuits in Ecclesiastes.

1 Corinthians 3:12-15
Paul discusses the quality of one's work being tested by fire, which relates to the idea of the lasting value of our efforts and the wisdom of investing in eternal things.
A Strange ExperimentC. L. Thompson, D. D.Ecclesiastes 2:1-26
The Pleasures of Sin and the Pleasures of Christ's Service ContrastedJ. M. Sherwood, D. D.Ecclesiastes 2:1-26
The Threefold View of Human LifeW. L. Watkinson.Ecclesiastes 2:1-26
The Dirge of the Dead HandThomas G. Selby.Ecclesiastes 2:18-19
Concern for PosterityD. Thomas Ecclesiastes 2:18-23
Riches, Though Obtained by Much Toil, are VanityJ. Willcock Ecclesiastes 2:18-23
The Complaint of the SuccessfulW. Clarkson Ecclesiastes 2:18-24
People
Argob, Solomon
Places
Jerusalem
Topics
Acting, Control, Effort, Fool, Foolish, Fruit, Knoweth, Labor, Labored, Labour, Laboured, Master, Meaningless, Myself, Poured, Power, Purpose, Rule, Shewed, Showed, Shown, Skill, Toiled, Vanity, Wherein, Whether, Wisdom, Wise, Wisely, Yet
Dictionary of Bible Themes
Ecclesiastes 2:19

     5833   diligence

Ecclesiastes 2:10-23

     5864   futility

Ecclesiastes 2:12-23

     5916   pessimism

Ecclesiastes 2:17-19

     4912   chance

Ecclesiastes 2:17-20

     5831   depression
     8713   discouragement

Ecclesiastes 2:17-23

     5081   Adam, life of

Ecclesiastes 2:18-21

     8812   riches, ungodly use

Library
Of Spiritual Aridity
Of Spiritual Aridity Though God hath no other desire than to impart Himself to the loving soul that seeks Him, yet He frequently conceals Himself that the soul may be roused from sloth, and impelled to seek Him with fidelity and love. But with what abundant goodness doth He recompense the faithfulness of His beloved? And how sweetly are these apparent withdrawings of Himself succeeded by the consoling caresses of love? At these seasons we are apt to believe, either that it proves our fidelity, and
Madame Guyon—A Short and Easy Method of Prayer

A Prayer for Cleansing of the Heart and for Heavenly Wisdom
4. Strengthen me, O God, by the grace of Thy Holy Spirit. Give me virtue to be strengthened with might in the inner man, and to free my heart from all fruitless care and trouble, and that I be not drawn away by various desires after any things whatsoever, whether of little value or great, but that I may look upon all as passing away, and myself as passing away with them; because there is no profit under the sun, and all is vanity and vexation of spirit.(1) Oh how wise is he that considereth thus!
Thomas A Kempis—Imitation of Christ

Chronology of the Life of Ephraim.
Thus the fixed points for determining the chronology of Ephraim's life are: 1. The death of his patron, St. Jacob, Bishop of Nisibis, in 338, after the first siege of that city. 2. The third siege, in which he was among the defenders of the city, in 350. 3. The surrender of Nisibis by Jovian, and its abandonment by its Christian inhabitants, 363; followed by Ephraim's removal to Edessa. 4. The consecration of Basil to the see of Cæsarea, late in 370, followed by Ephraim's visit to him there.
Ephraim the Syrian—Hymns and Homilies of Ephraim the Syrian

Introduction to the "Theological" Orations.
"It has been said with truth," says the writer of the Article on Gregory of Nazianzus in the Dictionary of Christian Biography, "that these discourses would lose their chief charm in a translation....Critics have rivalled each other in the praises they have heaped upon them, but no praise is so high as that of the many Theologians who have found in them their own best thoughts. A Critic who cannot be accused of partiality towards Gregory has given in a few words perhaps the truest estimate of them:
St. Cyril of Jerusalem—Lectures of S. Cyril of Jerusalem

But Now I Will Proceed with what I have Begun...
14. But now I will proceed with what I have begun, if I can, and I will so treat with you, as not in the mean while to lay open the Catholic Faith, but, in order that they may search out its great mysteries, to show to those who have a care for their souls, hope of divine fruit, and of the discerning of truth. No one doubts of him who seeks true religion, either that he already believes that there is an immortal soul for that religion to profit, or that he also wishes to find that very thing in this
St. Augustine—On the Profit of Believing.

Whether the Church Observes a Suitable Rite in Baptizing?
Objection 1: It seems that the Church observes an unsuitable rite in baptizing. For as Chrysostom (Chromatius, in Matth. 3:15) says: "The waters of Baptism would never avail to purge the sins of them that believe, had they not been hallowed by the touch of our Lord's body." Now this took place at Christ's Baptism, which is commemorated in the Feast of the Epiphany. Therefore solemn Baptism should be celebrated at the Feast of the Epiphany rather than on the eves of Easter and Whitsunday. Objection
Saint Thomas Aquinas—Summa Theologica

A Discourse of the House and Forest of Lebanon
OF THE HOUSE OF THE FOREST OF LEBANON. ADVERTISEMENT BY THE EDITOR. That part of Palestine in which the celebrated mountains of Lebanon are situated, is the border country adjoining Syria, having Sidon for its seaport, and Land, nearly adjoining the city of Damascus, on the north. This metropolitan city of Syria, and capital of the kingdom of Damascus, was strongly fortified; and during the border conflicts it served as a cover to the Assyrian army. Bunyan, with great reason, supposes that, to keep
John Bunyan—The Works of John Bunyan Volumes 1-3

The Eternity of Heaven's Happiness.
Having endeavored, in the foregoing pages, to form to ourselves some idea of the glorious happiness reserved for us in heaven, there still remains to say something of its crowning glory--the eternity of its duration. This is not only its crowning glory, but it is, moreover, an essential constituent of that unspeakable joy which now inebriates the souls of the blessed. A moment's reflection will make this evident. Let us suppose, for the sake of illustration, that on the last day, God should thus
F. J. Boudreaux—The Happiness of Heaven

The Outbreak of the Arian Controversy. The Attitude of Eusebius.
About the year 318, while Alexander was bishop of Alexandria, the Arian controversy broke out in that city, and the whole Eastern Church was soon involved in the strife. We cannot enter here into a discussion of Arius' views; but in order to understand the rapidity with which the Arian party grew, and the strong hold which it possessed from the very start in Syria and Asia Minor, we must remember that Arius was not himself the author of that system which we know as Arianism, but that he learned the
Eusebius Pamphilius—Church History

Paul's Missionary Labors.
The public life of Paul, from the third year after his conversion to his martyrdom, a.d. 40-64, embraces a quarter of a century, three great missionary campaigns with minor expeditions, five visits to Jerusalem, and at least four years of captivity in Caesarea and Rome. Some extend it to a.d. 67 or 68. It may be divided into five or six periods, as follows: 1. a.d. 40-44. The period of preparatory labors in Syria and his native Cilicia, partly alone, partly in connection with Barnabas, his senior
Philip Schaff—History of the Christian Church, Volume I

James the Brother of the Lord.
He pistis choris ergon nekra estin.--James 2:26 Sources. I. Genuine sources: Acts 12:17; 15:13; 21:18; 1 Cor. 15:7; Gal. 1:19; 2:9, 12. Comp. James "the brother of the Lord," Matt. 13:55; Mark 6:3; Gal. 1:19. The Epistle of James. II. Post-apostolic: Josephus: Ant. XX. 9, 1.--Hegesippus in Euseb. Hist. Ecc. II. ch. 23.--Jerome: Catal. vir. ill. c. 2, under "Jacobus." Epiphanius, Haer. XXIX. 4; XXX. 16; LXXVIII. 13 sq. III. Apocryphal: Protevangelium Jacobi, ed. in Greek by Tischendorf, in "Evangelia
Philip Schaff—History of the Christian Church, Volume I

"And These Things Write we unto You, that Your Joy May be Full. "
1 John i. 4.--"And these things write we unto you, that your joy may be full." All motions tend to rest and quietness. We see it daily in the motions below, and we believe it also of the circular revolutions of the heavens above, that there is a day coming in which they shall cease, as having performed all they were appointed for. And as it is in things natural, so it is in things rational in a more eminent way. Their desires, affections, and actions, which are the motions and stretches of the soul
Hugh Binning—The Works of the Rev. Hugh Binning

The Life, as Amplified by Mediaeval Biographers.
1. His Early Years.--Ephraim, according to this biography, was a Syrian of Mesopotamia, by birth, and by parentage on both sides. His mother was of Amid (now Diarbekr) a central city of that region; his father belonged to the older and more famous City of Nisibis, not far from Amid but near the Persian frontier, where he was priest of an idol named Abnil (or Abizal) in the days of Constantine the Great (306-337). This idol was afterwards destroyed by Jovian (who became Emperor in 363 after the
Ephraim the Syrian—Hymns and Homilies of Ephraim the Syrian

"For to be Carnally Minded is Death; but to be Spiritually Minded is Life and Peace. "
Rom. viii. 6.--"For to be carnally minded is death; but to be spiritually minded is life and peace." It is true, this time is short, and so short that scarce can similitudes or comparisons be had to shadow it out unto us. It is a dream, a moment, a vapour, a flood, a flower, and whatsoever can be more fading or perishing; and therefore it is not in itself very considerable, yet in another respect it is of all things the most precious, and worthy of the deepest attention and most serious consideration;
Hugh Binning—The Works of the Rev. Hugh Binning

Lii. Concerning Hypocrisy, Worldly Anxiety, Watchfulness, and his Approaching Passion.
(Galilee.) ^C Luke XII. 1-59. ^c 1 In the meantime [that is, while these things were occurring in the Pharisee's house], when the many thousands of the multitude were gathered together, insomuch that they trod one upon another [in their eagerness to get near enough to Jesus to see and hear] , he began to say unto his disciples first of all [that is, as the first or most appropriate lesson], Beware ye of the leaven of the Pharisees, which is hypocrisy. [This admonition is the key to the understanding
J. W. McGarvey—The Four-Fold Gospel

Messiah's Easy Yoke
Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me; for I am meek and lowly in heart: and ye shall find rest unto your souls. For my yoke is easy, and my burden is light. T hough the influence of education and example, may dispose us to acknowledge the Gospel to be a revelation from God; it can only be rightly understood, or duly prized, by those persons who feel themselves in the circumstances of distress, which it is designed to relieve. No Israelite would think of fleeing to a city of refuge (Joshua 20:2.
John Newton—Messiah Vol. 1

There is a Blessedness in Reversion
Blessed are the poor in spirit. Matthew 5:3 Having done with the occasion, I come now to the sermon itself. Blessed are the poor in spirit'. Christ does not begin his Sermon on the Mount as the Law was delivered on the mount, with commands and threatenings, the trumpet sounding, the fire flaming, the earth quaking, and the hearts of the Israelites too for fear; but our Saviour (whose lips dropped as the honeycomb') begins with promises and blessings. So sweet and ravishing was the doctrine of this
Thomas Watson—The Beatitudes: An Exposition of Matthew 5:1-12

The Hindrances to Mourning
What shall we do to get our heart into this mourning frame? Do two things. Take heed of those things which will stop these channels of mourning; put yourselves upon the use of all means that will help forward holy mourning. Take heed of those things which will stop the current of tears. There are nine hindrances of mourning. 1 The love of sin. The love of sin is like a stone in the pipe which hinders the current of water. The love of sin makes sin taste sweet and this sweetness in sin bewitches the
Thomas Watson—The Beatitudes: An Exposition of Matthew 5:1-12

Exhortations to those who are Called
IF, after searching you find that you are effectually called, I have three exhortations to you. 1. Admire and adore God's free grace in calling you -- that God should pass over so many, that He should pass by the wise and noble, and that the lot of free grace should fall upon you! That He should take you out of a state of vassalage, from grinding the devil's mill, and should set you above the princes of the earth, and call you to inherit the throne of glory! Fall upon your knees, break forth into
Thomas Watson—A Divine Cordial

Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners Or, a Brief Relation of the Exceeding Mercy of God in Christ, to his Poor Servant, John Bunyan
In this my relation of the merciful working of God upon my soul, it will not be amiss, if in the first place, I do in a few words give you a hint of my pedigree, and manner of bringing up; that thereby the goodness and bounty of God towards me, may be the more advanced and magnified before the sons of men. 2. For my descent then, it was, as is well known by many, of a low and inconsiderable generation; my father's house being of that rank that is meanest, and most despised of all the families in
John Bunyan—Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners

Christ's Prophetic Office
'The Lord thy God will raise up unto thee a Prophet,' &c. Deut 18:85. Having spoken of the person of Christ, we are next to speak of the offices of Christ. These are Prophetic, Priestly, and Regal. 'The Lord thy God will raise up unto thee a Prophet.' Enunciatur hic locus de Christo. It is spoken of Christ.' There are several names given to Christ as a Prophet. He is called the Counsellor' in Isa 9:9. In uno Christo Angelus foederis completur [The Messenger of the Covenant appears in Christ alone].
Thomas Watson—A Body of Divinity

The Comforts Belonging to Mourners
Having already presented to your view the dark side of the text, I shall now show you the light side, They shall be comforted'. Where observe: 1 Mourning goes before comfort as the lancing of a wound precedes the cure. The Antinomian talks of comfort, but cries down mourning for sin. He is like a foolish patient who, having a pill prescribed him, licks the sugar but throws away the pill. The libertine is all for joy and comfort. He licks the sugar but throws away the bitter pill of repentance. If
Thomas Watson—The Beatitudes: An Exposition of Matthew 5:1-12

Ecclesiastes
It is not surprising that the book of Ecclesiastes had a struggle to maintain its place in the canon, and it was probably only its reputed Solomonic authorship and the last two verses of the book that permanently secured its position at the synod of Jamnia in 90 A.D. The Jewish scholars of the first century A.D. were struck by the manner in which it contradicted itself: e.g., "I praised the dead more than the living," iv. 2, "A living dog is better than a dead lion," ix. 4; but they were still more
John Edgar McFadyen—Introduction to the Old Testament

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