Deuteronomy 21:11

if you see a beautiful woman among them, and you desire her and want to take her as your wife,

Study Bible

if you see
The phrase "if you see" implies a personal encounter or observation. In the Hebrew context, the verb "see" (רָאָה, ra'ah) often goes beyond mere visual perception to include understanding or discerning. This suggests that the decision to take action is based on a thoughtful consideration rather than impulsive desire. It reflects the importance of intentionality and discernment in decision-making, especially in matters of the heart and relationships.

a beautiful woman
The term "beautiful" (יָפֶה, yafeh) in Hebrew denotes physical attractiveness, but in the biblical context, beauty often carries deeper connotations. It can symbolize favor, blessing, or even divine approval. The mention of beauty here acknowledges the natural human appreciation for physical appearance, yet it also serves as a reminder that true beauty in biblical terms encompasses character and virtue, not just outward appearance.

among the captives
This phrase situates the verse within the context of war and conquest, a common reality in ancient Israelite history. The captives (שְׁבִי, shevi) were often those taken during military campaigns. The historical context here is crucial, as it reflects the harsh realities of ancient warfare and the subsequent treatment of captives. It also highlights the need for ethical considerations even in times of conflict, as the Israelites were called to uphold certain standards of conduct.

and desire her
The word "desire" (חָשַׁק, chashaq) in Hebrew conveys a strong emotional attachment or longing. It is used in various contexts in the Bible to describe deep affection or love. This suggests that the motivation for taking the woman as a wife should stem from genuine affection rather than mere lust or possession. It underscores the importance of love and respect in relationships, even those formed under unusual circumstances.

and want to take her
The phrase "want to take her" involves a decision-making process. The Hebrew verb "take" (לָקַח, laqach) can mean to seize, receive, or acquire. In this context, it implies a formal action of bringing someone into one's household. This reflects the cultural practices of the time, where marriage often involved a legal and social transaction. It emphasizes the seriousness and commitment involved in the decision to marry.

as your wife
The term "wife" (אִשָּׁה, ishah) signifies a covenantal relationship. In the biblical context, marriage is not merely a social contract but a sacred covenant before God. This phrase highlights the transformation of the woman's status from captive to a respected member of the household. It underscores the biblical principle of marriage as a union characterized by mutual respect, love, and commitment, reflecting God's design for human relationships.

Persons / Places / Events

1. Israelites
The people receiving the law, God's chosen nation, who are being instructed on how to conduct themselves in various situations, including warfare.

2. Captives
Individuals taken during warfare, often from enemy nations, who are subject to the laws and customs of the victors.

3. Beautiful Woman
A specific captive who catches the eye of an Israelite soldier, prompting specific instructions on how to proceed if he desires to marry her.

4. Moses
The leader of the Israelites and the one through whom God delivers these laws and instructions.

5. Warfare
The context in which these instructions are given, as the Israelites engage in battles with surrounding nations.

Teaching Points

Respect and Dignity
The law provides a framework for treating captives with respect, emphasizing the dignity of the individual, even in the context of war.

Marriage as Covenant
The passage underscores the seriousness of marriage as a covenant, not merely a transaction or acquisition, even when involving a captive.

Cultural Sensitivity
The instructions reflect an awareness of cultural differences and the need for sensitivity when integrating someone from a different background into the community.

God's Sovereignty in Relationships
This law reminds us that God is sovereign over all relationships, and His laws are designed to guide us in righteousness and justice.

Moral Restraint in Times of War
Even in the chaos of war, God's people are called to exercise moral restraint and adhere to His commands.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does Deuteronomy 21:11 reflect God's concern for justice and dignity, even for those who are captives?

2. In what ways does this passage challenge our modern understanding of marriage and relationships?

3. How can the principles found in Deuteronomy 21:11 be applied to situations where cultural differences are present in relationships today?

4. What does this passage teach us about the importance of moral restraint and ethical behavior, even in difficult circumstances?

5. How can we apply the concept of God's sovereignty in relationships to our own lives, especially when faced with challenging relational dynamics?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Exodus 21:7-11
Discusses the treatment of female servants, providing a broader context for how women were to be treated under the law.

Numbers 31:18
Offers additional insight into the treatment of captives, particularly women, during wartime.

1 Corinthians 7:12-16
Provides New Testament guidance on marriage, including situations where one spouse is a believer and the other is not, which can relate to the integration of a foreign wife.