Deuteronomy 2:30

But Sihon king of Heshbon would not let us pass through, for the LORD your God had made his spirit stubborn and his heart obstinate, that He might deliver him into your hand, as is the case this day.

Study Bible

But Sihon king of Heshbon
This phrase introduces Sihon, the Amorite king of Heshbon, a significant figure in Israel's journey to the Promised Land. The name "Sihon" may derive from a root meaning "sweeping away" or "warrior," reflecting his role as a formidable opponent. Heshbon, his capital, was a strategic city located east of the Jordan River. Archaeological evidence suggests it was a well-fortified city, indicative of Sihon's power and influence in the region. Historically, the Amorites were known for their military prowess, and Sihon's resistance to Israel is a testament to his confidence in his strength and the strength of his city.

refused to let us pass through
This refusal is pivotal in the narrative, as it sets the stage for conflict. The Israelites, under God's command, sought peaceful passage through Sihon's territory. The Hebrew root for "refused" (מָאֵן, ma'en) implies a deliberate and obstinate decision. This act of refusal is not merely a political decision but a spiritual one, as it opposes God's plan for Israel. The refusal highlights the tension between God's chosen people and the nations they encounter, emphasizing the theme of divine sovereignty over human affairs.

For the LORD your God
This phrase underscores the centrality of God in the narrative. The use of "LORD" (YHWH) is significant, as it is the covenant name of God, reminding the Israelites of His promises and faithfulness. The phrase "your God" personalizes the relationship, emphasizing that the Israelites are His chosen people, under His protection and guidance. This divine involvement assures the Israelites of victory and underscores the theological theme that God is actively directing the course of history for His purposes.

hardened his spirit
The hardening of Sihon's spirit is a profound theological concept. The Hebrew word for "hardened" (קָשָׁה, qashah) suggests making something stubborn or obstinate. This hardening is not merely a psychological state but a divine act, where God allows Sihon to persist in his opposition. This echoes the hardening of Pharaoh's heart in Exodus, illustrating a pattern where God uses the obstinacy of leaders to fulfill His divine purposes. It serves as a reminder of God's ultimate control over human decisions and the unfolding of His redemptive plan.

and made his heart obstinate
The phrase "made his heart obstinate" further emphasizes the divine influence over Sihon's decision-making. The Hebrew root for "obstinate" (אָמֵץ, amets) conveys the idea of making strong or firm. This divine action ensures that Sihon's resistance will lead to his downfall, serving as a demonstration of God's power and justice. It highlights the biblical theme that God can use even the rebellion of nations to accomplish His will, turning opposition into opportunities for His glory to be revealed.

in order to deliver him into your hand
This phrase reveals the purpose behind God's actions. The deliverance of Sihon into Israel's hands is part of God's promise to give them the land. The phrase "into your hand" signifies complete victory and control, a common biblical expression for conquest. This deliverance is not just a military victory but a fulfillment of God's covenant promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. It reassures the Israelites of God's faithfulness and His commitment to their inheritance of the Promised Land.

as is the case this day
This concluding phrase serves as a testament to the fulfillment of God's promises. "As is the case this day" indicates that the events described have come to pass, providing tangible evidence of God's intervention and faithfulness. It serves as a reminder to the Israelites of God's past actions as a basis for trusting Him in future challenges. This historical reflection encourages believers to remember God's faithfulness in their own lives, inspiring confidence and trust in His ongoing provision and guidance.

Persons / Places / Events

1. Sihon
King of Heshbon, an Amorite ruler who opposed Israel's passage through his land. His refusal to allow Israel passage led to his defeat.

2. Heshbon
A significant city in the territory of the Amorites, ruled by King Sihon. It became a focal point in Israel's journey to the Promised Land.

3. The LORD (Yahweh)
The God of Israel, who orchestrated events to fulfill His promises to His people. His sovereignty is evident in the hardening of Sihon's heart.

4. Israelites
The people of God, led by Moses, journeying to the Promised Land. Their encounter with Sihon was part of their divinely guided conquest.

5. The Event
The refusal of Sihon to allow Israel passage, leading to a battle in which God delivered Sihon and his land into Israel's hands.

Teaching Points

God's Sovereignty
Recognize that God is in control of all events, even the hearts of kings and rulers. His plans are perfect and will come to pass.

Divine Purpose in Obstacles
Understand that obstacles and opposition can be part of God's plan to bring about His purposes. Trust in His timing and methods.

Faith in God's Deliverance
Just as God delivered Sihon into Israel's hands, He is faithful to deliver us from our challenges when we trust in Him.

The Hardening of Hearts
Reflect on the seriousness of a hardened heart. Pray for a soft and responsive heart to God's leading and commands.

Historical Testimony
The victories God grants His people serve as testimonies to His power and faithfulness, encouraging us to share our own testimonies of God's work in our lives.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does the hardening of Sihon's heart demonstrate God's sovereignty, and how can this understanding impact our view of current world events?

2. In what ways can we see God's hand in the obstacles we face today, similar to Israel's encounter with Sihon?

3. How can the account of Sihon and Israel encourage us to trust in God's deliverance in our personal battles?

4. What steps can we take to ensure our hearts remain soft and responsive to God's will, avoiding the hardening seen in Sihon?

5. How can we use the testimonies of God's faithfulness in Scripture, like the defeat of Sihon, to strengthen our faith and witness to others?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Exodus 4:21
Similar to how God hardened Pharaoh's heart, this verse shows God's sovereignty in hardening Sihon's heart to accomplish His purposes.

Joshua 2:10
The defeat of Sihon and Og is recounted by Rahab, highlighting the fear and recognition of God's power among the Canaanites.

Romans 9:17-18
Paul discusses God's sovereignty in hardening hearts to demonstrate His power and fulfill His purposes, echoing the events with Sihon.