Deuteronomy 14:4

These are the animals that you may eat: The ox, the sheep, the goat,

Study Bible

These are the animals you may eat
This phrase introduces a list of dietary laws given to the Israelites. The Hebrew word for "animals" here is "בְּהֵמָה" (behemah), which generally refers to domesticated animals. This directive is part of the broader Mosaic Law, which was intended to set the Israelites apart as a holy people. The dietary laws served not only as a means of physical health but also as a spiritual discipline, teaching obedience and the importance of distinguishing between the holy and the common.

the ox
The Hebrew word for "ox" is "שׁוֹר" (shor). The ox was a valuable asset in ancient agrarian societies, used for plowing fields and as a source of meat. Its inclusion in the list of permissible animals underscores its importance in daily life and sustenance. The ox symbolizes strength and service, reflecting the virtues that the Israelites were to embody as God's chosen people.

the sheep
The term "שֶׂה" (seh) in Hebrew refers to both sheep and goats, but here it is specifically translated as "sheep." Sheep were central to the pastoral economy of ancient Israel, providing wool, milk, and meat. They also hold significant symbolic meaning throughout Scripture, often representing God's people. The image of the sheep is frequently used to illustrate the relationship between God and His followers, with God as the shepherd who guides and protects His flock.

the goat
The Hebrew word "עֵז" (ez) refers to the goat, another staple of the Israelite diet and economy. Goats were valued for their milk, meat, and hides. In biblical symbolism, goats often represent sin and separation from God, as seen in the ritual of the scapegoat on the Day of Atonement. However, in this context, the goat is simply part of the provision God makes for His people's sustenance, highlighting His care and provision.

Persons / Places / Events

1. Moses
The author of Deuteronomy, who is delivering God's laws to the Israelites.

2. Israelites
The chosen people of God, receiving instructions on dietary laws as part of their covenant relationship with Him.

3. Promised Land
The destination of the Israelites, where they are to live according to God's laws.

4. Mount Sinai
The place where Moses received the Law from God, which includes dietary instructions.

5. Canaan
The land where these laws would be practiced, distinguishing the Israelites from surrounding nations.

Teaching Points

Holiness and Distinction
The dietary laws were given to set the Israelites apart as a holy nation. As Christians, we are called to live distinct lives that reflect God's holiness.

Obedience to God's Commands
The Israelites' adherence to dietary laws was a form of obedience. Today, we are called to obey God's commands as an expression of our love and faithfulness to Him.

Understanding Context
While the specific dietary laws are not binding on Christians, understanding their purpose helps us appreciate the continuity and fulfillment of God's law in Christ.

Spiritual Discernment
Just as the Israelites were to discern between clean and unclean, Christians are called to discern between what is spiritually beneficial and what is not.

Unity in Diversity
The New Testament teaches that dietary practices should not divide believers. We are to respect differing convictions while maintaining unity in Christ.

Bible Study Questions

1. How do the dietary laws in Deuteronomy 14:4 reflect God's desire for His people to be distinct from other nations?

2. In what ways can Christians today apply the principle of holiness in their daily lives, even if the specific dietary laws are not applicable?

3. How does the New Testament teaching on food and purity (e.g., Acts 10, Mark 7) expand or fulfill the Old Testament dietary laws?

4. What are some modern-day "clean" and "unclean" practices that Christians might need to discern in their spiritual walk?

5. How can we maintain unity in the church when there are differing opinions on non-essential practices, such as dietary choices?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Leviticus 11
Provides a more detailed list of clean and unclean animals, offering a broader context for understanding dietary laws.

Acts 10
Peter's vision of clean and unclean animals, which signifies the opening of the Gospel to the Gentiles and a shift in dietary restrictions.

Genesis 9
God's initial permission to Noah to eat meat, setting a precedent for dietary laws.

Mark 7
Jesus' teaching on what truly defiles a person, emphasizing the heart over dietary laws.

Romans 14
Paul's discussion on Christian liberty concerning food, highlighting the principle of love and conscience.