Judges 21:1

Now the men of Israel had sworn an oath at Mizpah, saying, "Not one of us will give his daughter in marriage to a Benjamite."

Study Bible

Now the men of Israel
This phrase refers to the collective tribes of Israel, emphasizing their unity and shared identity as God's chosen people. Historically, the Israelites were descendants of the twelve sons of Jacob, and their unity was crucial for maintaining their covenant relationship with God. The phrase sets the stage for the communal decision-making process that follows, highlighting the gravity of their actions as a nation.

had sworn an oath
The act of swearing an oath in ancient Israel was a solemn and binding commitment, often invoking God's name as a witness. In Hebrew, the word for oath is "שְׁבוּעָה" (shevu'ah), which signifies a promise that must not be broken. This reflects the seriousness with which the Israelites approached their covenantal obligations, understanding that breaking an oath could bring divine judgment.

at Mizpah
Mizpah was a significant location in Israel's history, often serving as a gathering place for the tribes. Archaeologically, Mizpah is identified with several sites, but it is generally considered a place of watchfulness or lookout. It was here that the Israelites gathered to address national crises, underscoring its role as a center for communal decision-making and spiritual reflection.

Not one of us
This phrase underscores the collective resolve and unanimity among the Israelites. It reflects a communal decision that binds each member of the tribes, illustrating the concept of corporate responsibility. In the context of ancient Israel, such unity was essential for maintaining social order and religious fidelity.

will give his daughter in marriage
Marriage in ancient Israel was not just a personal union but a social contract that affected familial and tribal alliances. The giving of a daughter in marriage was a significant act that could forge or sever important relationships. This phrase highlights the gravity of the oath, as it directly impacts the social and familial structures within the tribes.

to a Benjamite
The tribe of Benjamin, one of the twelve tribes of Israel, was at the center of a severe conflict with the other tribes, as recounted in the preceding chapters of Judges. This phrase indicates the depth of the rift between Benjamin and the rest of Israel, resulting from the grievous sin committed in Gibeah. Historically, the tribe of Benjamin was nearly annihilated due to this conflict, and this oath further isolates them, demonstrating the severe consequences of sin and disobedience.

Persons / Places / Events

1. Men of Israel
The collective tribes of Israel, excluding Benjamin, who gathered to address the civil strife within the nation.

2. Mizpah
A significant gathering place for the Israelites, often used for assemblies and important decisions.

3. Oath
A solemn promise made by the Israelites, reflecting their commitment to not intermarry with the tribe of Benjamin.

4. Benjamites
Members of the tribe of Benjamin, who were nearly annihilated due to a civil war with the other Israelite tribes.

5. Civil War
The conflict between the tribe of Benjamin and the other Israelite tribes, resulting from a grievous crime committed in Gibeah.

Teaching Points

The Weight of an Oath
The Israelites' oath at Mizpah underscores the gravity of making promises before God. It serves as a reminder to consider the implications and consequences of our commitments.

Consequences of Rash Decisions
The oath led to unforeseen complications, demonstrating the importance of seeking God's wisdom before making hasty decisions, especially in times of emotional distress.

Unity and Division Among God's People
The civil war and subsequent oath highlight the dangers of division within the body of believers. It calls us to pursue reconciliation and unity, guided by love and understanding.

God's Sovereignty in Human Affairs
Despite human failures and conflicts, God's sovereign plan prevails. This encourages us to trust in His ultimate purpose, even when circumstances seem dire.

Bible Study Questions

1. What were the circumstances that led the men of Israel to make the oath at Mizpah, and how does this reflect on their decision-making process?

2. How does the oath in Judges 21:1 compare to other biblical teachings on vows and promises, such as those found in Numbers 30:2 and Matthew 5:33-37?

3. In what ways can the account of the Benjamites and the oath serve as a warning against making decisions based on anger or grief?

4. How can we apply the lessons of unity and division from this passage to our relationships within the church today?

5. Reflect on a time when you made a commitment or decision without fully considering its consequences. How can you seek God's guidance in future decisions?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Judges 20
Provides context for the events leading to the oath, detailing the conflict and the near destruction of the tribe of Benjamin.

Numbers 30:2
Discusses the seriousness of making vows to the Lord, emphasizing the importance of keeping one's word.

1 Samuel 11:7
Another instance where Israel gathered at Mizpah, highlighting its role as a place of national decision-making.

Matthew 5:33-37
Jesus' teaching on oaths, encouraging integrity and truthfulness without the need for swearing.