Definition and Purpose

Fasting, in the biblical context, is the voluntary abstention from food, and sometimes drink, for a specified period. It is a spiritual discipline intended to draw believers closer to God, seek His guidance, express repentance, or prepare for spiritual endeavors. Fasting is often accompanied by prayer, meditation on Scripture, and acts of worship.

Old Testament Context

Fasting is first mentioned in the Old Testament, where it is often associated with mourning, repentance, and seeking God's favor. One of the earliest references is found in the Book of Judges, where the Israelites fasted and sought the Lord's guidance after suffering defeat (Judges 20:26). The Day of Atonement, or Yom Kippur, is the only fast explicitly commanded in the Mosaic Law, where the Israelites were to "afflict their souls" (Leviticus 16:29-31).

The prophet Joel called for a sacred fast as a response to a locust plague, urging the people to "return to Me with all your heart, with fasting, weeping, and mourning" (Joel 2:12). Similarly, the fast of Nineveh, as described in the Book of Jonah, was a collective act of repentance that led to God's mercy (Jonah 3:5-10).

New Testament Context

In the New Testament, fasting continues to be a significant spiritual practice. Jesus Himself fasted for forty days and nights in the wilderness before beginning His public ministry (Matthew 4:2). He taught about fasting in the Sermon on the Mount, emphasizing sincerity and humility: "When you fast, do not be somber like the hypocrites... But when you fast, anoint your head and wash your face, so that your fasting will not be obvious to men, but only to your Father, who is unseen" (Matthew 6:16-18).

The early church practiced fasting as a means of seeking God's direction and empowerment. In Acts 13:2-3, the church in Antioch fasted and prayed before sending out Barnabas and Saul (Paul) on their missionary journey. Similarly, Paul and Barnabas appointed elders in the churches with prayer and fasting (Acts 14:23).

Theological Significance

Fasting is not merely a physical act but a spiritual discipline that reflects a heart posture of humility and dependence on God. It is a way to express earnestness in prayer, seek divine intervention, and align oneself with God's will. Fasting is often associated with repentance, as seen in the examples of Nineveh and the Day of Atonement, where it serves as a tangible expression of contrition and a desire for reconciliation with God.

Practical Considerations

While fasting is a powerful spiritual practice, it should be approached with wisdom and discernment. Believers are encouraged to fast with the right motives, seeking to honor God rather than seeking human approval. It is also important to consider one's health and circumstances, as fasting may not be suitable for everyone.

Fasting can take various forms, including complete abstention from food, partial fasts (such as abstaining from certain foods), or fasting from non-food activities to focus on spiritual growth. The key is to engage in fasting as a means of drawing nearer to God and deepening one's spiritual life.

Conclusion

Fasting, as presented in the Bible, is a profound spiritual discipline that has been practiced by God's people throughout history. It serves as a means of seeking God's presence, guidance, and intervention, and is a powerful expression of faith and devotion.