The role of the High Priest in ancient Israel was a position of significant religious and spiritual authority, serving as the chief mediator between God and the people. This office was established by divine command and was central to the religious life of the Israelites, as outlined in the Old Testament.

Biblical Foundation and Appointment

The High Priesthood was instituted by God through Moses, with Aaron, the brother of Moses, being the first to hold the office (Exodus 28:1). The role was hereditary, passed down through Aaron's descendants, as specified in the Law given to Moses on Mount Sinai. The High Priest was required to be without physical defect and was consecrated through a special anointing process (Leviticus 21:10).

Duties and Responsibilities

The High Priest had several critical duties, primarily centered around the Tabernacle, and later the Temple, where he oversaw the sacrificial system. One of his most significant responsibilities was to enter the Holy of Holies once a year on the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur) to make atonement for the sins of the people. Leviticus 16:32-34 describes this solemn duty: "The priest who is anointed and ordained to succeed his father as high priest is to make atonement. He is to put on the sacred linen garments and make atonement for the Most Holy Place, the Tent of Meeting, and the altar, and for the priests and all the people of the assembly."

The High Priest also wore unique garments, including the ephod, breastplate, and turban, each with symbolic significance (Exodus 28:4-39). These garments set him apart and signified his role as the spiritual leader of the nation.

Intercessory Role

As the chief intercessor, the High Priest represented the people before God. He offered sacrifices for their sins and sought divine guidance for the nation. The Urim and Thummim, mysterious objects placed in the breastplate, were used by the High Priest to discern God's will in critical matters (Exodus 28:30).

Symbolism and Typology

The High Priest's role is rich in symbolism and typology, pointing forward to the ultimate High Priest, Jesus Christ. The New Testament book of Hebrews elaborates on this, explaining that Jesus is the "great high priest who has passed through the heavens" (Hebrews 4:14). Unlike the earthly High Priests, who had to offer sacrifices repeatedly, Jesus offered Himself once for all, providing eternal redemption (Hebrews 9:11-12).

Historical Context and Evolution

Throughout Israel's history, the role of the High Priest evolved, especially during the Second Temple period. The office became more politically involved, particularly under foreign rule, as seen in the accounts of the Maccabees and the Herodian period. Despite these changes, the High Priest remained a central figure in Jewish religious life until the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 AD.

Conclusion

The High Priest was a pivotal figure in the religious life of ancient Israel, serving as a mediator between God and His people. His duties, garments, and the sacred rituals he performed were all designed to maintain the covenant relationship between God and Israel, foreshadowing the ultimate mediation accomplished by Jesus Christ.