The Priestly Breastplate, also known as the Breastplate of Judgment, is a significant artifact in the religious and cultural history of ancient Israel, as described in the Old Testament. It was an essential part of the high priest's ceremonial garments, symbolizing the priest's role as an intermediary between God and the people of Israel. The breastplate is detailed primarily in the Book of Exodus, where its construction, purpose, and symbolism are meticulously outlined.

Biblical Description and Construction

The instructions for the creation of the Priestly Breastplate are found in Exodus 28:15-30. The breastplate was to be made by skilled craftsmen, using materials of the highest quality. "Fashion a breastpiece for making decisions—the work of skilled hands. Make it like the ephod: of gold, and of blue, purple and scarlet yarn, and of finely twisted linen" (Exodus 28:15). The breastplate was square, measuring a span in length and width, and was folded double to form a pouch.

The breastplate was adorned with twelve precious stones, each set in gold filigree. These stones were arranged in four rows of three, and each stone represented one of the twelve tribes of Israel. The stones were inscribed with the names of the tribes, serving as a perpetual reminder of the high priest's duty to bear the tribes before the Lord. The specific stones and their arrangement are detailed in Exodus 28:17-21.

Symbolism and Function

The Priestly Breastplate held profound symbolic significance. It was called the Breastplate of Judgment because it was used in discerning God's will for the nation of Israel. The breastplate contained the Urim and Thummim, mysterious objects used for divination, which were placed inside the pouch. "Also put the Urim and the Thummim in the breastpiece, so they may be over Aaron’s heart whenever he enters the presence of the LORD. Thus Aaron will always bear the means of making decisions for the Israelites over his heart before the LORD" (Exodus 28:30).

The breastplate's design and function underscored the high priest's role as a mediator. By wearing the breastplate, the high priest symbolically carried the people of Israel on his heart, representing them before God. This act emphasized the covenant relationship between God and His chosen people, with the high priest serving as a vital link in maintaining this divine connection.

Historical and Theological Context

The Priestly Breastplate is part of the broader context of the Tabernacle and the Levitical priesthood, established during the Israelites' wilderness journey after the Exodus from Egypt. The breastplate, along with other priestly garments, was designed to reflect the holiness and glory of God, setting the high priest apart for his sacred duties.

Theologically, the breastplate represents themes of intercession, divine guidance, and covenant fidelity. It highlights the importance of seeking God's will and the responsibility of spiritual leaders to faithfully represent their communities before the Lord. The breastplate's intricate design and precious materials also reflect the beauty and value of God's chosen people in His sight.

Legacy and Influence

The Priestly Breastplate has continued to capture the imagination of scholars, theologians, and artists throughout history. Its detailed description in the Scriptures has inspired various interpretations and artistic representations, emphasizing its enduring significance in Judeo-Christian thought. The breastplate serves as a powerful symbol of the high priestly ministry, ultimately pointing to the perfect mediation of Jesus Christ, the Great High Priest, who intercedes for believers before the throne of God.