Biblical References:
The Men of Penuel are mentioned in the Book of Judges, specifically in Judges 8:8-9 and Judges 8:17. These passages provide insight into their interactions with Gideon, a judge of Israel, during his pursuit of the Midianite kings Zebah and Zalmunna.

Historical Context:
Penuel, also spelled Peniel, is a location east of the Jordan River, near the Jabbok River. It holds historical significance as the place where Jacob wrestled with God and was subsequently renamed Israel (Genesis 32:24-30). The name Penuel means "face of God," reflecting Jacob's encounter.

Biblical Account:
In Judges 8, Gideon, after defeating the Midianites at the battle of the Valley of Jezreel, pursued the fleeing kings Zebah and Zalmunna. As he and his 300 men were exhausted yet determined, they sought provisions from the people of Succoth and Penuel. The men of Penuel, like those of Succoth, refused to assist Gideon and his men, doubting his ability to capture the Midianite kings.

Judges 8:8-9 states: "From there he went up to Penuel and asked the same from them, but the men of Penuel gave the same answer as the men of Succoth. So Gideon told the men of Penuel, 'When I return in triumph, I will tear down this tower.'"

Gideon's Response:
Gideon's response to the men of Penuel was one of promised retribution. Their refusal to support God's chosen deliverer was seen as a lack of faith and allegiance to the cause of Israel. Upon his victorious return, Gideon fulfilled his promise. Judges 8:17 records, "He also pulled down the tower of Penuel and killed the men of the city."

Theological Implications:
The account of the men of Penuel serves as a cautionary tale about the consequences of failing to support God's appointed leaders and the divine mission. Their lack of faith and refusal to aid Gideon, despite witnessing God's deliverance through him, resulted in their downfall. This narrative underscores the importance of trust in God's plans and the leaders He raises up.

Cultural and Social Insights:
The refusal of the men of Penuel to assist Gideon may reflect the political and social tensions of the time. As a city located in the Transjordan region, Penuel might have had different allegiances or fears of reprisal from the Midianites. Their decision highlights the complexities of tribal and regional loyalties in ancient Israel.

Legacy:
The account of the men of Penuel is a reminder of the importance of faith and support for God's work. It illustrates the potential consequences of skepticism and inaction in the face of divine intervention. The destruction of the tower of Penuel symbolizes the dismantling of human pride and self-reliance when it stands in opposition to God's purposes.