Definition and Usage in Ancient Times:
In biblical times, lamps were essential household items used for lighting. Typically, these lamps were small, made of clay, and fueled by olive oil. They were designed to hold a wick that, when lit, provided light in homes, temples, and other settings. The lamp's practical function was to dispel darkness, allowing people to see and perform tasks after sunset.

Symbolism in Scripture:
The lamp holds significant symbolic meaning throughout the Bible, often representing guidance, knowledge, and the presence of God. It is frequently used as a metaphor for spiritual enlightenment and divine truth.

Old Testament References:
1. Guidance and Instruction: In Psalm 119:105, the psalmist declares, "Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light to my path." Here, the lamp symbolizes God's Word as a source of guidance and direction in life, illuminating the path of righteousness.

2. God's Presence: The lamp is also associated with God's presence, as seen in the Tabernacle and later the Temple. The golden lampstand, or menorah, described in Exodus 25:31-40, was a vital element of the Tabernacle, symbolizing God's eternal presence among His people.

3. Covenant and Kingship: In 2 Samuel 21:17, David is referred to as "the lamp of Israel," indicating his role as a guiding light and leader for the nation. This metaphor underscores the king's responsibility to lead with wisdom and righteousness.

New Testament References:
1. Jesus as the Light: In the New Testament, Jesus is often associated with light. In John 8:12, Jesus proclaims, "I am the light of the world. Whoever follows Me will never walk in the darkness, but will have the light of life." Here, the lamp metaphor extends to Jesus Himself, who provides spiritual illumination and salvation.

2. Believers as Light-Bearers: In Matthew 5:14-16, Jesus tells His disciples, "You are the light of the world. A city on a hill cannot be hidden. Neither do people light a lamp and put it under a basket. Instead, they set it on a stand, and it gives light to everyone in the house." This passage encourages believers to live visibly righteous lives, reflecting God's truth and love to the world.

3. Parable of the Ten Virgins: In Matthew 25:1-13, the parable of the ten virgins uses lamps to illustrate readiness for the coming of the bridegroom, symbolizing Christ's return. The wise virgins, who keep their lamps filled with oil, represent those who are spiritually prepared and vigilant.

Theological Implications:
The lamp, as a biblical symbol, emphasizes the importance of divine guidance, spiritual readiness, and the believer's role in reflecting God's light. It serves as a reminder of the necessity of God's Word and presence in navigating the moral and spiritual challenges of life. The imagery of the lamp underscores the call for believers to be vigilant, prepared, and active in their faith, shining brightly in a world often shrouded in darkness.