The flocks of Kedar and Nebaioth are mentioned in the context of biblical prophecy and historical references, primarily in the Old Testament. These flocks are associated with the descendants of Ishmael, the son of Abraham and Hagar, and are emblematic of the wealth and prosperity of the nomadic tribes in the Arabian Peninsula.

Kedar

Kedar is one of the sons of Ishmael, as recorded in Genesis 25:13: "These are the names of the sons of Ishmael, listed in the order of their birth: Nebaioth the firstborn of Ishmael, Kedar, Adbeel, Mibsam." The descendants of Kedar became a significant nomadic tribe known for their skills in archery and their vast herds of livestock. The prophet Isaiah references Kedar in Isaiah 21:16-17, highlighting their military prowess and eventual decline: "For this is what the Lord has said to me: 'Within one year, as a servant bound by contract would count it, all the glory of Kedar will come to an end. The remaining archers, the warriors of Kedar, will be few.'"

The flocks of Kedar are specifically mentioned in Isaiah 60:7, which speaks of the future glory of Zion: "All the flocks of Kedar will be gathered to you; the rams of Nebaioth will serve you and go up on My altar with acceptance. I will adorn My glorious house." This passage is often interpreted as a prophetic vision of the nations coming to worship the God of Israel, bringing their wealth and resources as offerings.

Nebaioth

Nebaioth, the firstborn son of Ishmael, is also mentioned in Genesis 25:13. His descendants, like those of Kedar, were known for their pastoral lifestyle and their herds. The rams of Nebaioth, alongside the flocks of Kedar, are highlighted in Isaiah 60:7, symbolizing the wealth and tribute that will be brought to Jerusalem in the eschatological future.

The mention of Nebaioth and Kedar in the context of Isaiah's prophecy underscores the theme of the inclusion of Gentile nations in the worship of Yahweh. The imagery of flocks and rams being brought to God's altar signifies the submission and dedication of these tribes to the God of Israel, reflecting a broader biblical theme of the gathering of nations to acknowledge the sovereignty of God.

Cultural and Historical Context

The tribes of Kedar and Nebaioth were part of the larger Ishmaelite confederation, which played a significant role in the trade and commerce of the ancient Near East. Their wealth in livestock, particularly sheep and goats, was a critical component of their economy and a symbol of their prosperity. The pastoral lifestyle of these tribes is well-documented in biblical and extrabiblical sources, highlighting their mobility and adaptability in the harsh desert environment.

In biblical literature, the flocks of Kedar and Nebaioth serve as a metaphor for abundance and divine blessing. Their inclusion in prophetic visions of future glory and worship reflects the hope of a restored and unified people under the reign of God, where all nations bring their best to honor Him.

Theological Significance

From a theological perspective, the mention of Kedar and Nebaioth in Isaiah's prophecy can be seen as a foreshadowing of the New Testament theme of the inclusion of the Gentiles in the covenant community. The imagery of flocks and rams being accepted on God's altar points to the ultimate fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that all nations would be blessed through his descendants (Genesis 12:3).

The prophetic vision of the flocks of Kedar and the rams of Nebaioth being gathered to Zion serves as a powerful reminder of God's redemptive plan for all humanity, transcending ethnic and cultural boundaries. This vision anticipates the eschatological hope of a new creation where God's glory is fully revealed and all creation participates in the worship of the one true God.