In biblical times, betrothal was a formal and binding agreement between a man and a woman, akin to modern-day engagement but with greater legal and social implications. The betrothed girl, or "na'arah me'orasah" in Hebrew, held a unique status in ancient Israelite society, as she was legally pledged to her future husband yet remained in her father's household until the marriage was consummated.

Biblical Context and Legal Status

The betrothal period was a time of preparation and commitment, during which the couple was considered legally bound to each other, though they did not yet live together as husband and wife. This period could last for several months or even a year. The betrothed girl was expected to remain faithful to her future husband, and any breach of this commitment was considered a serious offense.

The legal status of the betrothed girl is addressed in several passages of the Old Testament. In Deuteronomy 22:23-24, the law stipulates the consequences for a man who violates a betrothed virgin: "If there is a virgin pledged in marriage to a man, and another man encounters her in the city and lies with her, you must take both of them out to the gate of that city and stone them to death—the girl because she did not cry out in the city, and the man because he has violated his neighbor’s wife. You must purge the evil from among you." This passage underscores the gravity of the betrothal covenant, equating the violation of a betrothed girl with adultery.

Cultural and Social Implications

Betrothal was not merely a personal agreement but a social contract involving families and communities. The betrothed girl's family often received a bride price or dowry, which served as a form of security and compensation. This transaction highlighted the economic and social dimensions of marriage in ancient Israel.

The betrothed girl's role was also significant in the context of family honor and reputation. Her fidelity was a reflection of her family's integrity, and any breach could result in severe social consequences. The account of Mary and Joseph in the New Testament illustrates the cultural expectations surrounding betrothal. When Mary was found to be with child during her betrothal to Joseph, he initially planned to divorce her quietly to avoid public disgrace (Matthew 1:18-19).

Spiritual Symbolism

In addition to its legal and social aspects, the concept of betrothal carries spiritual symbolism in the Bible. The relationship between God and His people is often depicted as a marriage covenant, with Israel portrayed as the betrothed bride. In Hosea 2:19-20, God declares, "I will betroth you to Me forever; I will betroth you in righteousness and justice, in loving devotion and compassion. And I will betroth you in faithfulness, and you will know the LORD." This imagery emphasizes the faithfulness and commitment expected in the divine-human relationship.

The New Testament extends this metaphor to the Church, described as the bride of Christ. In 2 Corinthians 11:2, Paul writes, "I am jealous for you with a godly jealousy. For I promised you to one husband, to present you as a pure virgin to Christ." The betrothed girl's purity and devotion serve as a model for the Church's relationship with Christ, highlighting themes of fidelity, preparation, and anticipation of the ultimate union.

Conclusion

The betrothed girl in biblical times occupied a significant role within the legal, social, and spiritual frameworks of ancient Israel. Her status as a pledged bride underscores the seriousness of the marriage covenant and serves as a powerful symbol of faithfulness and commitment in both human and divine relationships.