In biblical times, the concept of betrothal was a significant and binding agreement, akin to modern-day engagement but with deeper legal and social implications. Betrothal in the Bible is a period of commitment preceding marriage, during which the couple is considered legally bound to each other, though they do not yet live together or engage in marital relations.

Old Testament Context

The practice of betrothal is rooted in ancient Hebrew customs and is evident throughout the Old Testament. Betrothal was often arranged by the parents of the bride and groom, and it involved a formal agreement, sometimes accompanied by the payment of a bride price or dowry. This agreement was considered as binding as marriage itself. For instance, in the case of Isaac and Rebekah, Abraham's servant negotiated the terms of the marriage with Rebekah's family before she even met Isaac (Genesis 24).

The Law of Moses provided specific regulations regarding betrothal. In Deuteronomy 22:23-24, the law addresses the consequences of infidelity during the betrothal period, treating it with the same severity as adultery. This underscores the seriousness with which betrothal was regarded: "If there is a virgin pledged in marriage to a man, and another man encounters her in the city and sleeps with her, you must take both of them to the gate of that city and stone them to death—the young woman because she did not cry out in the city, and the man because he has violated another man’s wife. You must purge the evil from among you."

New Testament Context

In the New Testament, the betrothal of Mary and Joseph is a prominent example. Matthew 1:18-19 describes their betrothal and the subsequent divine intervention when Mary is found to be with child by the Holy Spirit: "This is how the birth of Jesus Christ came about: His mother Mary was betrothed to Joseph, but before they came together, she was found to be with child through the Holy Spirit. Because Joseph her husband was a righteous man and was unwilling to disgrace her publicly, he resolved to divorce her quietly."

Joseph's intention to "divorce" Mary quietly highlights the legal nature of betrothal, as breaking a betrothal required a formal divorce. The angel's message to Joseph reassures him of Mary's faithfulness and the divine nature of her pregnancy, leading him to take her as his wife (Matthew 1:20-24).

Cultural and Theological Significance

Betrothal in biblical times was not merely a personal or familial arrangement but also held theological significance. It symbolized a covenant relationship, reflecting the covenant between God and His people. The prophets often used the imagery of betrothal and marriage to describe God's relationship with Israel, as seen in Hosea 2:19-20: "And I will betroth you to Me forever; I will betroth you in righteousness and justice, in loving devotion and compassion. And I will betroth you in faithfulness, and you will know the LORD."

In the New Testament, the Church is described as the Bride of Christ, awaiting the consummation of the marriage at His return (Revelation 19:7-9). This eschatological hope is rooted in the betrothal imagery, emphasizing the faithfulness and commitment expected of believers as they await their union with Christ.

Conclusion

The concept of betrothal in the Bible is rich with cultural, legal, and theological meaning. It serves as a profound metaphor for the covenant relationship between God and His people, illustrating themes of faithfulness, commitment, and divine love.