The dove is a significant symbol throughout the Bible, representing various spiritual truths and divine attributes. Its symbolism is deeply rooted in both the Old and New Testaments, where it is often associated with purity, peace, and the Holy Spirit.

Purity and Innocence

The dove is frequently used as a symbol of purity and innocence. In the Old Testament, doves were often used in sacrificial offerings, particularly for those who could not afford more expensive animals. Leviticus 5:7 states, "If, however, he cannot afford a lamb, he may bring to the LORD two turtledoves or two young pigeons as a penalty for his sin—one as a sin offering and the other as a burnt offering." This provision underscores the dove's association with purity and the accessibility of God's grace to all, regardless of social or economic status.

Peace and Reconciliation

The dove is also a symbol of peace and reconciliation. This is most famously illustrated in the account of Noah and the flood. After the waters receded, Noah sent out a dove to see if the land was dry. Genesis 8:11 records, "When the dove returned to him in the evening, there was a freshly plucked olive leaf in its beak. So Noah knew that the waters had receded from the earth." The dove's return with an olive leaf has become an enduring symbol of peace and the restoration of harmony between God and humanity.

The Holy Spirit

In the New Testament, the dove is prominently associated with the Holy Spirit. At the baptism of Jesus, the Holy Spirit descended upon Him in the form of a dove. Matthew 3:16 describes this event: "As soon as Jesus was baptized, He went up out of the water. Suddenly the heavens were opened, and He saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove and resting on Him." This imagery signifies the anointing of Jesus for His earthly ministry and the presence of the Holy Spirit as a gentle, yet powerful, force in the life of believers.

Gentleness and Harmlessness

The dove is also emblematic of gentleness and harmlessness. Jesus instructed His disciples in Matthew 10:16 , "Behold, I am sending you out like sheep among wolves; therefore be as shrewd as snakes and as innocent as doves." Here, the dove represents the call for believers to embody innocence and purity in their conduct, even amidst a hostile world.

Love and Devotion

In the Song of Solomon, the dove is used as a metaphor for love and devotion. The beloved is often compared to a dove, highlighting qualities of beauty and fidelity. Song of Solomon 2:14 states, "O my dove in the clefts of the rock, in the hiding places of the mountainside, show me your face, let me hear your voice; for your voice is sweet, and your face is lovely." This poetic imagery underscores the dove's association with intimate and faithful love.

Throughout Scripture, the dove serves as a multifaceted symbol, rich with meaning and spiritual significance. Its presence in biblical narratives and teachings continues to inspire and instruct believers in their faith journey.